ࡱ> zaM-*chHH( za|ka@O+8k( |>!N<֧( @h xڕTkQ7포w)"bJHĐ"U H"\PQbHBX(Z!VE$KE O}Yx07|]7>D"$ٳ<(٭sC`-̶WxTee CK=hNf/; !!j!3BN\(<& LibrՒ-F3u4|fE}czp/P9\bwCUkC5MkjU*7&-o"KF+;ݸoAQ'kwڣٮc D\GPkǔ>y^rȭx$,Mnb}W@} [ڗ;j>ߒs>$2x []A>5|≨ sNsNv/C^>O@H {aۊOv*ūDc/ 5k D/ M芹wLl9z/TRn'@ǰ}ճa%PNG  IHDR_gAMA pHYs+ IDATxI$IvK-9b@LaNs:9̧ 0>DSduۢ*"A-]"!aaf!UQ0Sr` 0 B!@` 0 B!@` 0 B!@` 0 B!@` 0 B!@` 0 B!@` 0 B!@` 0 B!@` 0 B!@` 0 B!@` 0 B!@` 0 B!@` 0 B!@` 0 B!@` 0 B!@` 0 B!@` 0 B!@` 0 B!@` 0 B!@` 0 B!@` 0 B!@` 0 B!@` 0 B!@` 0 B!@` 0 B!@` 0 B!@` 0 B!@` 0 B!@` 0 B!@` 0 B!@` 0 B!@` 0 B!@` 0 B!@` 0 B!@` 0 B!@` 0 B!@` 0 B!@` 0 B!@` 0 B!@` 0 B!@` 0 B!@` 0 B;^UU&HȺI&U.baIy?O""݂j!wDU$BC' IGz0&}7ZUqu]TJDjRMDHJIT#%"4T5mffTEM\=zD4$jUԵ;tDCp{\[TJI$).*b]?{9jr"rܶܥ&.ʰܱգ~ݷ7͛Ӹ콵%ڗ쇰<r{WOonҭͷ.%%$p=OYq*HQ^ݿy<|Kuk KNUU^kｫ$UrN|<_~ɭjӲrj2?9N~f*b"$:)6L "zyۂ`OID*Sŋ/_Q4/uMpuђ~9fw_5=yr.U,pڤ$Rh2맵ʲ.mYW(RJn>#I"IEO w 7x#b7>ˇc_$|sei] wvW4M*j$_ՕȺ.=w[mimӇf&faś*y8_|ٝ싙Kpg6ꉈzxXfIW.%JK)׶쯊G~?n罊Zk-wRJt:z>U [4w"hLE7ڻx t|,_rٿ䣫}@Hwi"Ux,"țW߿W͞+rMv/O깛/>xzq]|ZRJϞ}ۯNP99q9/IF-YSn_Tt>Ե'ILuZc?O.OoǿQ .mqȴ=I"jE\v #&MU{rm}5U-Do?-T. 4DėEYΗQ"!p]hw]*b_$LBd[`=o.!;$Iy{|{Ogz&Z/޳ܪs}yeo^|˟䩵~ŗ_TM%Os/>"$>KQSǾ߳׵"<"Rɖ/Z?RH[N<SVWͧrQ^IMSww|tŤu)i"v[G]&"ݴ-ׅl>?ٮHb! ]5"%7t<+wWe=>5)ڱgݟל!³4z7:DbX߼>ɽ8쿝bʱ<\_/<-ӔZSJ%e?NuUsKf)(%Z[TCݽp)de6uismUIJu˲ls6ZkdrK3ycҼ{]^ޯ7_|O?!EZkJ?:oZ {c4ּhKڏ|jI̲Z=u)e:&Q$ٚW4MEl7n$RJ)YDx񤖲4vNc[ޝRf-d6s\Eȗ/7yW/Òkr-R䖭IC\<~=rTϺTYQDWiJI!]ď#TisRT-l!k9[~s9欒NTpGږi,R[)e}.ͱөL6eQI%{B-s#1Ga=S a@7?coZyHF ZԵkǪS|eV/Y̱M*f*UZtQ&5xkySJ,琾߷i*ѵD#iLSst "Zkaf)7O$II$%IIzc~D5-Mc/.g3 k+f6m Z@{ 2k.Koһ#wi[VpO|Uyny.%>.?̶2^k"^ғmLۈXWwnVcn][MS.SN)G޻G{.rOb!9ݴֺVkj%Jx|yJ)*r~,$yXq:Dzlyh:,5庿mJ%OƶyJK]S)(-,RC\#LT !b&-Ԉ0}71X"̲&mzېE<%S Y2SC$s{K!]Ḍmb?'. C#oGcN?|9ow?w0ؼ(^s9L)xgw_V/_ٓtn-] Gtݮz䚊Jt].$B\PxJ^$9—ֺ\bͯ.njb$H.r8έ˺X?|4O;O=]'KI]=b+/v!h%DXq})yeף鬞C¯nno.riUٛOKSn{RJaZ;v^"%dTrE o5,<{׶丑\ɬ* {g&tYcVVsn^L?Rcm)> HTeeWt뗷o}v?ϰ\L ?zGW+xy_>'?csr~y~$>5#~nwؤo/:_/ނGݼm.//6Sܼwf¯/O/7cxqIMiU^:?ocaإ]2N7͛7,gޙ(TD /3P҅i{on_lhv2 WWWl>~_W?m 1%vǣKj(N5n"(I`<c ³[)o$J%HG" kg')* ̢a G ]:ӱMQ'7O2 0  uV̀Paq{"SDl`exBJ h0º1\K[""{ Ed9I!wE,"dr.@zhFG Dj@'PeN)Y`P))}-,`e YZ,/zۏ\?Y*)IPWX>^~#~2V Hv@IOc䫇jŸ?%!||R".TnA#~1ۗuoVSojj3ҌӴCSmp:INfsW'z}p+"lOG<ݕ`ׇiI|;S֘ݗ9v<ۆInsl S@MlwBzb/Sjv{ !“rƱlz]OlԤ`pxv GvWXՓ w~]=KSwkHFf"GucPabI3p_[inf"H%[ITR !.Rk}}qVf@p WDo!j&>ѭ!RdY&!xowz _ ^C>ZYDZ3-}>s3ffmiXUK)ޫ"9;9ykHoaEu,2d'/v4ix"\{0iƭNX4Ӽ,KkՔ;.2n6:`oҧ"+Ufj8s~ٱ6DN6ݚg@j!.!W6,""vwYd5Jl_A 87rN$ڽR&t=\׾26x~<kL/*Gľٻȍ$qd`l]3#5]}U8!QEv5}Li4ED 0 >vw [~I>TdP^_Q[7T:}r{- W*~{2vtf{ǶY$о7P<6n}QZ+2ϔWy'Q_CEqaC !A/B RJ;ı0%3dkK"JјH8:Gj!"J[)\ [U!*LS"a$ #,B OS& e_\4DK<.(w>ư3%<#pz1=2Zl(ʡY7*/E p!)JRN٢*rNrd-Wj* NILVa0dT1 FwB*IEJƙ`{y OeUC62!XI@=)#$3pqtC=V~9_>̊ۘa%qo(e]Mi$m[{uk@k̃E]Δi*1abf đL;j?E~>/c;H;fND"I断E:" DpU=%hae9__WB5teA)\'UUW8(D#3ÓHi xđnn͉$#w?_ߗR*Ƕ2#r݈0υ&y:MO 4o}*LoTNվ4: f$OZAAՑG2<QY 1q3B8(D`k2C2b*TUIҁ>2I30+H,f4* @Y3 a&L{-)I Lx&IS>i='I!*ABd!{ipdd OL2Fa7{gD3Gkn$4:h݂0W- Zŷ%>oհ.R9>0Fε8!pDY!(镙#(9*P|K:)ZPg!IXYT|y.Iu:DCEݺDo?ok&#g~Gi2:@"#pA E^ۻw.e4-U.I)*235s1ЖundBlcDӌD{ﻹ?̅D`#6lA喣tf%TNEDZQyT yUPQ^lٝO^(oI_Ax=/tWf#\R&3Xӫ}LQknǿ{IL;瘹{DdVUOLgvKA z$H!73]pwsΧU$9@ ,ψHwwQ@&l]fyѪ1ALE nU6QR4Rf3]ޙiE=do۶o.7Sӹ>\Ŋ(A jJjGsFq^!J~%%ܱmyb[=륈N l= I@k;<{z$9y猔 GsO@BDT^VdVeQO'!7IOgeRZFBݯ3ݵ7xH!w5j 9N.uOIEUS4 K$DUJUrq(S53Mokx^O7\ᴜL@iy뎲lt*.X2?Ηi94Ȉ004ܝr]"Ȁdzt`H)Z=ld20Q(-MSd&B'! ulEMJkv`cFDHJdR gz=8UuK)%<ݔ]rLy\4m4M>rl DD&=U$Cڏ#!Y5cJ2ed[s$L0M}k{30&E͐=դn뾜|4**.;ej:,үJڳ)m%Ǥ夐\=9U-6+"q=Ҵ{zV<;Ľ tOlRh֎ ;2x9պ{߶tS խ֝g=>ʭ׾)( TR#Js]k'b;_<"ZG83]$EdRʗ"*jr7 )f0$@!|OWF8q*12EШZlOH7$3t:õ#J>reR5;O֧5z:OY޻v* Z8OA$=[ գL&$@ȓCRDޞ^%3=#m9UL.AoLg8 IDATZI*2IRE XN,ŭNZŤzW8 [߯\^z۶5؃jI"UN&ZĊ t $S13pUK@=#d)D-ű-zZu^dȊJ(S(B#dDVƊM\CT4r^Vj];o`L\NSUa3e+P*LMNdZ\om7fDLJ7ә]q?۾|>M,XuBTEMi%{ {GOr vױ)RDP "yC *@ =J)*a6dxRdazxi*V4mHY<ښOӴ,NVU7=ʽfz.S̐Ktz|.AL&ӿTpbz:n7oͽGﱭvpH$LUӺhQTI}Ŏr'b ˒=gUsTwoE$so}ZT*;$ZXJ<33מdUUϜ8=(V6͐RZc[ۧ)n 2ue2:IbG7';#)hސeLA08x{ψ$FEbxA_<9T{ｱ9]0@M̴X}emN&T+9E$ffR"[}۴zwU ZfF*C"{m_ekR"$&w3Y8H G#3{DzrhΖĠE dʲ<;@(?7z2LBBH&"Ӳ=*_wLqw7U26r#[4},$Rpt9zwPJ(PHc#TC`MR0;!2{/U?_;.W%??Q:?ΗYIek)@z84քd[%u6H&|ޮoOU3f%‰2DRh){Oo~ˈ,P2VIIAJ:>̊*#iѢ X†d[x:bo_O?>_۲C7,~О7,>~us}؞>ݺ{Ri |Wf*Zlq0v?ң }INeVJY5CƜ赭///[MseQУgIdt>󄤻a/:r{{/O?wo޾6EOSObU깢x0L:{*w0O!HAz C$!)vDġ*AD׊h7rLXD2sU2L lt"(V jEr\.Sʇtv `D$[; ̓>ڴ<2)/s޼o}w~/o}Id5iM @d2gN&ԃ08DF?y^Temk= kIQ4hVֲMUhAA4M@IFx~YE4C-M3d0_qff6VעJhde~|<<.1տ ?H'GD䲘✭}oᇃUk-D^NzA1$}E3\k==N(RĔVl?\>{Zz[wUS GDD ҴP "zm<]DFXTkM³Z=׭XM3}x}p72 ^mP[ wEDZ$% UaD-%o!"{v^pTyHQIDBZH${swZfUKՁ*s 8Gj*"H]z !{ӂJ )3CiJke*$cW\L {p[ Qۛ4^KAy_P|_w|z;$'RRhFefȈ}=͋j۞9{=nGb%D\KD Z3g0j)EL==i*4m"v]f2[F# Qf޼ycuzmiV1'9IdxDlH)&4MEXO'yc}p>ϓ$İGRu7Di&[Ϗ?=_[枧Rj30weV@4-EN?ө Zh:q m<)+bk\/ NfD%Lew޽,"6p6S}$*"vpl=r+_Qȣ%u!!,(|֯-|p>TԦ0}L PZ>-?RӪJH$DmPWk J)J=HG/o I5hgd@sHIGT2̄rd1YuePZd [Ihb7^?хiQ<*_ݿ|EY9\q?1;UGsc K)V$3#:M4.{w<[=}םV'_(=<~%ޯde֩hL&( b8tIktdfN2omYJmk}VWDv(DVQP@ BTSΤOK Gu|LeYj [E~dx'[%z~Q<=]FZb/U[u " zV&:`$@*`{ŭjYTa«ggY(Ȁk"d9Ы 4sє,]S{zsܻGDA!̣|~|?#"s)SFr>a ZqW?˺i }&7!wKJ~YKMX!:[X1ɘ@N3JFiUtHZlpDH5fdbVIͷJө*soiDFM =ȮRӶmmwU0 : YDww_}+\΂8sI2\7k|n֚zֵ:KGn7yKEv r(TU(EMӲ(&{ P3 ^?]R멦0d}8u2<#=84^ݽNP2Nz8$#LWoIjN0BJf֏t@! 0:Z3Ƕ>AT1afˈT [e=m?-K ڿ{}?[<hoޟޯt?}۽߾}{ys6⪲ RuvoZ$a (JpTa&jC$#¡`T*MZ*$##YQI` qJ)܏"- kR{|鑳Z/t{^' U)j|63jUZ6O˰TQQ3CpP :Y1) LL|>a̴ y3yJmːVZ U43 J"U V@35{|hO=Nr9be32}/S#S6}as:1&jri ;<{Z]L^${l{߸w^SsG{|iMw y{ZI%9ΩXf,FnFà {pL'܁|}(B`RIr}f~}ˇr9/\ SANu0e0٫OD,_DRUY{gvZk-6j>#4F+Fd6p +h{,{s?׀Pmz} Gx-CJxfO1yRFED04y8!:JCڙ_G=㗍>ʟöDz1؉ĆHB$UM$j߃űᴳקZN;H Z <]dc03eDL65;=\ F({28$PQNB (9"_'1SShF}kݦ +󌈞!@)Zµ \AH`B$AO L=Clg8StZ蛔v۷=kֹ6=TSE5[mlRaf)9<)ݱlTK?LZ&)bYK)6/!u)# oo\NBJ$#nҰ d$^ 4?NrN2?(p׺\<">&HL!SUhГ."V&HE "%Hƨ,5})SG1 r (P(",:d[U˔ 锨hRӷi|f=ukۼE%UXk?J 5'ld9zXZkf/zo4&"eJb([V{ILsKsJLRSȠyyhAݰB`:g?d-܃g[KL-eT#V*l!#D$GuE ._-`yc_)C6&_.F")"]%lx%snY2yXɒG)2yoC+yĤ݀1_wʃ‡2Qv,?eyW:LnSAQHw{P="$=cs.']r{k͹LrUg Uij IDAT_"I嫈bzꈸ>۔p54-y|"z_~g/ۏW:ZiOҖEpޞO~=54ΧY4U@TSEEetfO7A 9zd)aCgOlBBa*BD]5[5hV5S !:W]Zb g >ߖӦiNOT?[Ǎ-Y}f @2=IZ/N,)vMi28\<ڀd1EaVRSAkZ(tVLJw3)%kܺ'j(K"b]{tBNt:nWW) b袛+ xDxn=V\j!!#GF=&H >X Gx{L)=)"2JTDw< 2Xc`LRbV14={zUMELN(,HJfipSC:\O$9#\ ׁCF)eWC$2%cP14шXqi:׹G0e!BEQ$<})XNr̋.bqnfk9n`eYF/ ~Kc9IuJ)eZƈ.#rE{ 5kҴ.)aJUշJjCiHzz2t+) | xޯic=Dkٚ[X&<tZB͊ ?D3 Qy Hg`Z$0Ui*f"{jf娔[Ul iPehvbf?6s'@ػ!F):.=_W_Fyˡ&t1Mwr pF3p,QPIU dOF.7'S BEN~_BoKkƧj曙HO4L)TundU2uYïܶ_2,B_kW6S[E3z!ݑ0b81"‰QƁ tnǽ(&̲+ Zk)'jG\_r<ş⛯ɳϧ&!Zlk=ږt[W߾z F}Zm6=wvʹ a+D!IP 2AL8J"!wʴdPJ( tɎL0ժS [4NfCP-pȽQTfY RLLhcʭVo>BЁ !pk$ŜdtHzS\eཛaUٷ% x^N뺶xg'ڢ@RFֹN4]to)BwN\kLKLJʰ!}"gNff6OhrR*̦LY *TYJJ Ɉz.0H{h/{*kJBTT)=*J HD)լژT-*Zkf!?=CH!D/B>ZNe@ ޱ**dZ쪛:-\[::| ɂB(FONbTJGGh'BKJyyv$d@80hAWI NY3CZSf"STMM-yËJD 8rB#v+EIX5| ))|shQ!̵DH8`$aEnKqW".s7LfԻ0ϵM^5WڄFיj8de1icqeX@afrdJ3` F"}n&`dh2*AfD4 T֗xZ:M0e,D@ AfdF,T8D/ΏW21F}],Jgs͢>L@;UaR R'< L\Y3oA&?we$APw8i|`@Snswyi'׋0{) 4<(aB/-uL0 BHaFקǷooO^,RdJ>:~".ccJ5vl{n{ߩ{TZ.?_]iQ:pW{kv$:@80y[ G Q!a=0{0|!8O+\r^" j>\>q᡽w>tyZ?-x`WL*y}+oZ}.`` &ED:A᤹HO()u͛d}9L42"y1 N͖k ^zR #$.Ԇ ANNan[ ,q+owE7EE UU[)RGudA0\ eFfdk)4ͥ#YD<aY({IwBAṈS~=zj.M«P&1l|8dzak,!,$oZ;pԻC]-p(-Z BĔTjOOAe"2O&@} ɕE \CqV3h6 7ŀ3x },sJ„RM<:ҷ# x#o_`dYLU 4эWeP??]۔枨.xplnt#"І__-IAD"m)&*KϩB8^(\C=Dd @kk3.A |#3ho`R"^J \رwu/R8TZ?^F'.x^*;"D|m@Z9mJ ]f-szcߊuo(avHdYĤ$!dfA͗NRUFLiOC;1{)<4 u楔Z%ִy]uYc̛C%<|X9[3!X3f$f@1IpTGp?> qUs3kRdPǰE NdX&fA jL!6~l$ ܃ O %g۽o}&Hy?g$SʝmDNfF4&믗Oc9sJ9v3qm6vaw߾}|n,GSi6ry:w_NO$z~ϗ?xqo>??^%/_O@/mp: nlw [w?>~b>.OR|Y>}_Wo_ 1z]e}?@?~S9E޼Hί^-C?}ܗ|?j_9_=ܿz^O?~?O^"R.cTڪDww#uT$Q!B1jiL7_MTpw״] R=UR7lV>am.11}/(of6̒g;omҸkqw/]JE7%[D.RyKLM f.A(AA"pJq}]M"$viudu-<ݝ^:tYjD=n:HrЇ2>| .Hb赕tbUJMhzǮ:> 7_۹n"]\j")aL e\mRJGAI6#SP u˵3-ajL:$huz"pCaGK)o3z|­Bމ<yYz=D~:ݟN',뺺RZͬ 7ڃg;d”o].j O'UEX)%wRkͬ,r$>I^ "z_>YDT_@RCN&P+^e'.v_F~JL(œK%p|](P7tZZ]^-˺ #Ze^ G!T's[QcD+uwoJcxQq#3 /S{6QQr# E!ηsAJ/Sq۝=*o?@5ۓ/햕_)p0 ˸}E#"%/?qPx9U˞m6V"̭{7w} q"ddG,Fp"]l%D ̹&!<ʟ۟lcy=˛O}zUj,^8t7FLbd/Rn,Cuz6;?s3I[.:]-xTZw _ս;&U<7NDPuq9ȧC{ůo/y7OӲ\>F˨Lrwo&I']uyNFc^C>}0۷T*um؃ݡg%1szR,D Ȃ%RJU9I^o v 8pAD g bPmp,8-Ħ7,9LT ̂)^LK2!|;{6⚓\R(F椆3E>y& FɎQ sΓ`afsl9FZ;d/Rn 3KA޸L½0 Q—EhV=v"AxM2#]"p4a1ue]RnRX* J֕)=ݻr>$#2QBw_z _޻—Н/R,qTiٯ]d~(&9/_k),E*&Gww1t9IvAX (Rie:S|uj[+4zeHs뮤2PpC+m菏z ;}gB髷i0@AeM$P=%y`.'q܌0SۆE([i23# 64{H*BY=\XEL,F34l(UUXPq85)W;^F| bԠNC)JD **Uؽ~>;<be80Ǜ[겫0}8;Mp(ET#[%"\ G0;6l{H[KB lrf!OjL`&_=tkR儩LZ ։̦Z.X-fRdx0PPk\F2##üF"f^ov`G#v#xDgATu]0*Un )W ABHa%!mDSDQtwHxFqR~0=1&Ka+ IDATϵFzQq cwM}cGl䃂i`` GߍnZk)qoU3,D݉ٲX[+jm3 Ptj+ޓ MlgS_/ $̭N*NQ˪ԯcp!(jS* .f ٌ4 8d>geC"Q5e3/`j+z0&v'nHԌm[/BA&9w7JWٶ͊OPL ]͗vNItT2Fw_[tA)C6P m/߽x^Ld(gļ^J+$b-ȅ)%Bqckr[h*nҥG_kpcnz$orϿohv엓6 !t 3,vQu~?Dѯ^Iq(Sgo֥4m9~݇}=ܟ*4a,SmWu=/OT{hLtN$GACY/2}x?bcݫVĭYKsJsfڕMV* CXU|,xjZWw{}wz}h4~~?{.J>3UT`?%uJɿ10A`f"24p$'8y g"M.h$D8ق/F1$*#*$>hP aBNp9󡂃1c!Zk_A4\)KVjjyp>}"#0@ȷ4ָ!<E.ڇkQ 1(Üԭ'">r^C;D…KlzU0s dP]@Q f^2 r64̵Vfcx$ʢJ*hZJ-8W'#-!%6 C uZBoGWd!^C;.LNWj8s sGw8?SS9*׸˲ {9fptUd.`JJrriGpcl pvor#'89&eTP.E*N vHaq}I}<f&53,~bӄ&3{ .A;>L%@A,.&\BSH a&f5mk߂\)s=b12gHW=b " ːWn_Y=w`9SQPx#d&Rf!5x[]W)Zm: {_P[F[)'>w-El9{\8ws 0\NX73r49a涷dDU݌unDV-O} oؠcӦ+/pq }Kt_i Q'Ĉ`FRc{X3ai!6a?zzQߍRw߼?|Rnծ|pFcs˄eXxF2S~0?ͻ}7|<-_ϯO7ʩJr٦3Uf*Ҋc]Z 3WfQC;h_Opz:z^ϧW_z0_?AҏCfF5]'_լ<~zpd>_ 8zr 첊׆w~ZCHimt=ɝ, 0nxL>yQȴZRXDXi/3V n412J1D=kWCwg6Z@ލ85#0 8@& ~meM?a/~DDd*RgADI٤Rl(zSy{a)N:64{8zw H@UYWL5՚UT-dCza#dNd".NZLqx|U(]itTgVD4tDǩY8)if62j_elO!u"BG|Q51U7l&D@="YծC"Z?&1B滅+[  Q2`GTH%p!4CʉiR4/ZfQHDbo;tD0C10GPugm]Yജi@n!~n-%2 6hᦁTlt:뺮}c 1YR"Q8/,!"8!_7Ḃz`ZɅw[6>PM\5Zxn)ξ=& c b ;u`a #!,7&B> *DؿpP0QY[(Hp%A),,n}8up*L>A]+7s`G)"p888ʭBOf B 4u\C%5' j8"b*"1XqrRi#*Fh Pk(bfUn @(6Y 33 @1WhEѻAp29: wWN/]ՂWELSRZm+aTEcUFlN (y`l).opv!sʈl'6k#Z,r'Djc8mQdDe&bz^ή5y2we2Cn R 405j]zY۞8͂qӚ̘j_@s;D"28j$ PSMV.|J 3ZYҜ}E@-lJ~Q&Uz绂`3$\Edk̒\ku@* 3$I(Dqʚ[X1Fm\LhR,维qVA?;;_?'}:e@_KO_~!bl9"fDn1Lڻb9֞Gmj:V'c4tD"p8N atU2r86)2O1㘧P_t|Z(x:|z^9C}}w*;9.PzKWfM@z "cz-4׮\ʡJP:R}>|WXq~8X"Mmp0=}|:t~]>z:r8 jա=q|.u QXRc7N6&D=V" PRrue#YlM)v<BDdV%pƈ(`ܜ3bdN somؠيXZW1q6ApY:_=3dҶJduHMHus02N"1xũfSLYq *p(VLa)uYcZkbʉ΃ȤਥZC WӵY)UhwӍdJA|A6j͇Ҿ8OSusTX03aZaF+59C:Th/ɵᗅr <xm)6ॵP&"wKX8bR'2%r8biAn##Ī4-\FT(y EP u_|R HWD ,dkKNYP g*`b dp<:M :ja {_! VT#ViY R&[QrkEGڄ 7#f>(.4Atg*#(Q;D(K)d^̘me8cb)Rkk&h 7stZ7C!l/^d+:/YyrgsRɳҿ޴ʙJS?oбՙ=9=/% B}"jJSZ=q품+S: #)`:QE V)NywG$T {kgI`Rbh-/F+.N(p@?bw-S#UGe<,BߢKJV!CZUQ% 68 GΜ&4cs\̥HjOH"ES4Y8G{o.3</DOK'U^AD0jrTzy>ww4Hr򾅯E} g@0rvq~ -uCryaLi?=޿?p|xw֖ JيT$k q"P8Gg`M(d-5l0kr5nwy6i.5ovj $t^'.4!Ar$e"HNAXX5g|zJO(nwXZx0ݰd oa}U0{Wq\n}sg@ƑɁoN R -,TH #J..!Vf!Hn[#+w)HrXhaU" nTT' )u[T-C:#<(C*`94@lVn݃D׭[]zUK71GXUln1?t Tց cEu$s2C"u *&-ZEHp6(72e'&ē"%T#• DJɔL`m?"veL4+z`)F;gPF ໖X IɔPMF'{R%lۘUvy Сwɓd )Zn2M"96'ERfmr:ӟ=?Oԛs͌׽ IDAT*d҇?_΋Kv+e=ٰM!Xxn/dwyB=$h2k!5d`Oi5V_BbF8NNB`a|#MZo% aCIC!.ad0dk-7*e*UÂ{xHb(FڃgFYUx@ &(!poa3EjyB`$SFᝡ< ΜpO4LSU!0%22 BfZxZADqE &eV3'T+e-j<΁ֿϴs3|@o~2o/UL =1OJrq?^O5޲&nyϔo^[ᯬqk(wEٛLU@yzZX9|~9].֩ G-#C/-3!CY_?|wṡ#KFY[7AaBN3{Aɷc戕{2vRU!ߐ%Y ND8gD'Q`$n)Zz/3Œp"[pL3<-R9ΑQR%S!a%DN y8 JN%iLU9) ؐÜ&MX`n13+ N.ƳOn (LBJٝzg$ _.Djt"X%"4T*LE3̔UUجU'S̥%Kѹ~=-{ϭj It.J+O%sy9],VKf]nomv>d$}H]H+'RUvRDndξpJ9~(UMHsPHAJĐ"" wW df, f";l "2wL*siL"lanmHRvubsEP ^ؤ!@& Gg Ua:LK}#!\HH̞"`3Hp%R8<aу:_ s$v) ff8Y޽%TUH@BJլE${TiLnݨRԦ*ɰz4-ϏK<\ӗi.(HMU,U>H!ګv~'w!y!6 ë|]?~"|9^^w:><~>-ђ?QRЋe>.̱ɷn_(x3W9%GkuJ#olI$#$l;dEfDR"t-"GP\qJNf]2Ak%rPL5!x:WIY2YXᙙLkhD[$O",7'"Q|$BC'o6:F;Dd nD= aG2/?ksFA.KD)Ẋx|z9"Eh%0g!: fRGDhJ2AmEUTD*sy{m$>O@FD2$;5`(KU $E[x @Hono4=@TX5< F8*ΤWH T5K17 WwrLtw@3*-/~eRRLADJs@(q:<񡓋]djoݔt"f{\Ya]LGK=.. *P>>ܒ:VQmcfV22 |3vmb廥OPK]4h7<Uxy9<Ĭ^/=|7ǏAkoef/ΰ:]^}K-L&r)ajZ.acr*\P<òf9P??պq9p]U!%3!+@#IIdEC`䞱; Ɍ@fguDf$ OxJawD1c=##!9,F "RkU 1  LviYzəDN!0r8_v:iQ,IoTϰ{P21 {>-ef!TjBIn}UU1NY) p$R[Cq`( i<[d8<DXڒi3j*2<@=͍9ݒǔ@9(z:'5 O#ؽ"{ CYЛ_YLEe`"xɄeaݦSiۚ1r&)s}}d,,OH-'A=DʘU$]EV3ۯ=() i(^df@]'Ay0UH,BUyN֙[F_ ļԁCS2ufaڝE $:zcD)LHw"0Y_,HH#ѦS2 x4],5bdZݜTHD@DfP)$,<(D0CNưkgneDDGI_RW i5: j͵g~mR=>]v7'/efm]~U ͻ&zW3%&`~SH@rJA,/wS4ӕQ /eИ0𗶿Xu}ӟӴnYT1*2:e&3V~yy|36Jgx!q./Njr`V~ev):˳ǚZiudMlb>p8qr_4eN>|"["}cӗ/OϧwtWus-|M˺=y=f;s9ͻruw]7Ku˩ТRBi !cC_}ȌF)=2jdǭkUg%^##nC(g2@`r&efWURJEmèhgd(1I|,gin*Ya=2Sfx0h= 4vLX3؇՞"X&Y$}JU’!̭̗u2!afnNlmbἅa^#Yt ø®RKkѺv,J@x<;e\HҘ*ddZ8Rg|{$cND;lv-|z;<4Hb!wmøWUcp$ԢSxvO`UfHvDiiaD='ŀNҺGza!B6xYuPZ`ߑC"2L,0SKFԈO,"۰` IO0"}%5{6؀^ =s6@C&"{GaK3NL[nN1V\q#4+2囆zcH>Mv>px-Dw+)n5̫+v3/H`2;5)2.qGZ O~UT>#yT'okfOD$EK&2{pI  Dq!`yH"#3a-"]ms4|zܴ 2ݑ,O7?|>zS[ܨ.2RO3)KY~O(CJae#D)E/}5\x㶮_ϴ|8 ̐P >d?䰌XK "%n+-??>?>|7K Z|?ܬ/~),yTwbm-ߒz)Л؉@0 7* EIJ,/}e(fvDNGGb@+Gƥɨ#(PCO%ȦT uIJ\.@udW@xYJbPD#X&' O qٲ@H խeHR'*8k2okèwÎIDg8Zf8,œ T( F&7ؓK``/ ]b_ۼn"2_ RsM˯f#oEY^{4 t97%Ej{߾ճbXkg&]co ױ@*'An* l P{arcC]4L'J:=ADj9BNǖ1--cxp3 WۿM=W6ϿO4{C]Yؗ݇?MO/l/Ϗ`l)[Oٞ?oOdyX?{y7eGDO6kĐǛéˋ֢U^` < ;e~7rs'/0i0?l1?{1n@r~27W9Ͽ79_>ñ͇qpt<7rp( qO(%g˘*E05}b$(-=Zf쉡rnnb"ANJ̬<$nH J.B'Dq:QgnHRqitId6p0WQJC޴9)SZJDOdxƤבa \<j  MPp, }KTL̳. Jy:]N/ggS3"3F7ړPB6n,v aV02X9!#(M2Jlf6N8RN\gBVMڗ01C& Zh-rQu筣;;\۶f)ZpPǡ2qv:%n|5 g ; bp6hsR3J7>;Ƥ짱/1;m25d`D.*<:2f\U,[o+"pirC)z?)sѹTǹ,,lO"P.6f1I#eۺR&vn/ywip(qH1,VU",27!<A) tHV ueriaTPoNFn[[k;̌D`Fm0A0)T3̑JREi*n[w!0.H/I). 0"/DQ&G I4ͱ HFZhqޚdZX⍙TIK-hphC"l143=b(Q7~̳-ܿӻZ?LsePRdFTI*ST,x]tٶnH0Ёإ:lЩؓgrb'6p{%IXLmqں, @GOP>KٺOwUn <!-%ՙfjjɢnPT82.#މtM:M{3t~lN_Mv@xyDȿ 74GO@ ߜ[5og٤>>7J讖?M"zxP H#G3k'={; Kǻr7/ǟ~z|l%nwI޽-2Qr/v*Zɳv/,#=5 RF!ƀ(ɎlDD-z.Rh2kIjCkY{H!,4J-# *:%2v'$l-ouϯȃu`lirM$H22^>Z#7q0~UtwwdP8(Q f0m ıa4ul^7b8ENI - 7@r%"C<ŷq C|=/Ւʰ+ W*˔?wwuW!"3Jf mctoԐ^6mT4,EAo  )ur pߔ[>˗rn y/~ܫ7w7x!X}[_>i^r*rMh'zZ~zj?~ZooOUf nviֻh(S8_DI%8O|ݕ(I/_˹TǻkgY̅n>ܽ?}wfKG?/ߝ{3 5 k`+j&F:Qp霉"$ Bave杖느/qþ4Hw'"IHĄ!: &elcNظTtTfW Sf0#†6Z2oj|*yl XMhdrXG%"-3VO AF _#L\D"aynZ' WPeeq2:\{ZSUaai*g3Afs ."" !U. ={[=2Fl[nikwoޚLMR?t*,̅ %RKA!kAZ*qrA ANTu;Ղۚ33A,-"-R QR,Shy''m̽9̰vD8#ov5s>lv ` _$zHOPd LZ[gkRTD03`03SQlؒ#Wʵldz A+\Z体lNT#.)дnOӜ|9ZF?{ϗe5 jB@Iه hP&raPp)s)ʓ0YjeOui.\EkB-3KVB4$o,k%U67daM")_2SO;w_%՚u$GD8`,epȝ춄u<㢋j-2[&ԂČ {t'h((C!6L`Ƕjo/d^CVB τř>:7ԯH/K/(//=ǿy7-#ɷɋ@,67[ٖ۟e6ٻbٰ,c<29R,AIiF>QF4}O{]21tAcR22(|zncQU%`1hSL dg>6\%yy H}{ϗ_2qE|&=[^vsy)v|^n{vÇoNoovn>y==w7զ>.'X湳l/˾ֱ޿ʵ7^)矴ʍ($A!׹վi=_HXҳٗ3ى4ǰ?/1uة=㗱o9yo¢簪Z̳ܹK&W,Ι)-Pҋػx.Z,#=v慗덜/?=O{oog0xw۩'GlO ~MMcm J빏dp}#&|eKZo0 oN=j}n5|w!^\=?W);BAtnnߵ~/?Ij\{vgPp||/퟾}t\ͷiYM{щYT<^.Du&O_#zh4旓IOgyow֏_,~>E?즲־7ʿ<ݍсanW21XLJ+.F~Ć}6La ܣ2#̥2tFewO4,%Қ8r=hDiU q$;X qG/*9k_Wl4`fK7dDoJ!bV+j , fA c$HQJy&$8(_i8҃Fа#N  Cf:Ni? u4A>_06 0zUADᲧ"$1QYF40Z7A^Rt#~koϗDJbyĴ} `NS-B`]mYε2JZ \Wy9%3J:A 1%"RD$-<c+0`N>o7P cv!-#ía"iYKI $˺^Ú2F L&* bdNDHbA8c9͢]ZwRDJ!I`Fg(!`Rw23JWwd)2hXLJ0d۪4zlDG '\W7usPHu54<<f+ hmM="X8/k $IP5Haa[5*9`hc诀DqUe6oS)_ fEcGh>0(`wD. 52z]_ʯ+/[sy]T"{f^L#lQSvΧdpSzKz{w۫x^8$""°Wm ?=ݷɻCn/}OvyR^>KvV~x;H ^.ww___㙺G+\/DKā4Evyx;r̷8=-ǵ j_~^;_=mU0VF nmq$f ߞ03t_y͡OKPoìE "~U#򧷟om}I["!C ""Ss[%y.u.TZ(!f! (P%`@@hUsқhkn8u@zeږ!z+GJ  k;Gt JHUӻAgʳfkHVж.P(e A }=mh 8-'G2 IDATI*|mf0"`en-"3Y%²-]e!=ӅLEi"UPPw_y wXEԒ"E?=J #-DDˊ+4 ✊v3G8_<)˕.k1hliMSgXm*mB$H洊QfRdR -(QXp"IC" :w[nug29ˠ2^8" imvt$hףO݄#A3suC+t~4UD @Jb39 $<H ALTDdu(u=?TˬT4gdŭGTSA P80<>9:I!sȰ'p40aDdkw_bnK'7[3]Ue|M&.Ddh-."3E%pQ k8{Ԣ'2(yJ-Ē93Se,\(<"tk$U28;JQ B'Hk{A,/nQ…REv0'ޡ[cG Ty"ۚ"kss-V3JѵBI%32C1;S5UHJuܜ{AD02¦:$"{޻{UpSh"DԂCHJ7 wɔH"6[ A fZp4JPhoq>ytPJ$ RYYwAIɟCL>鲞ۻF7kSRdgΧ~|^W][V"JQ*zz:Դv a, H9/nDVR0zHlYYM3[ukSFgs'DHRjQ㗋69@7RfC2Z/eP$3杽;XZu"7yI&L9{:Xjl7{ {oáHu,' Ĩ5b.Z^/GVjwV{ｔw/:[,Ѹ:68^Pa{8!{'4$'vB NIdȩ0UQXe0e$<6Ck#nQ-zު$cq&m#G$"#4nɠzAtTbLD02K%ڬ|E5Od& j %r>7/y-h|/%za*\=mHs 揑Hd@?6w޶{n$ LC MF4^x23_|^6ܗf>qI"xPq Dh 3A d pL0K)xs~/u/""bH/!@CYvy/Y7m%fAV%djBȀ ?Ik.?+"EP@E4͵JJ|#hw_O?XldK%4N~7*t|˧O4f?uޭֹ8k_~y43t;??rlz\\I:I>oi?8NUx*:q=ԩ䜫틵̺E umŦ*`©m\9hxC'@RdRFy:pD4і"U#V&!U4K7 qXU43AaRD xy~>oȘE")P KOlJR ]U:QS&IPQlcĺo 9mU%`L.I2,( O  rqL̓äJ3}o~ oNUUN"* sw""@ QNEMｵf}HUL"}*tPv"Ճ{γ.8(8i(}ze!kTjِ]gfHD a#]${>}7ז.˳<\RvsXoIBif(a޽ɚC="=6-tDN2v3k0! QnQ4x]Y+g : JϤQ [PR(K l7zaҕ&7f'{Jl`bv*1"X.#Nz7ok,ĻV-Lm9}Ii}w&N菏^ζ4})$o雱 )UDh0fC4L!2HʩnҬnSY^)ȼ`_ĽOSԪY'X_6TVS5$<3meaQX0l"S-\KP%fX."IsR~Aѻ+P'PoSDB\De?Dۺ^:evz<¬77r<Er ȑDIYSNaG"%g`ec a |^CkjU% F_1DVlD0U͚X7[˗_<^5oJǙ"*eh`-m|PI\DApXo`fWea7r I NҫvI97Jo0F-I WvÕo1"lJ_BIiFۚnEm׸eRVZ^!IdA"WNn"KWmZHU461BxDl͓K)eT T|5rez f9}!V*;bPxHhfJw$mYO?)O~ħ)>q9r7{]N=| ~weR%#zϟ/oe?~AYo}AnߕwCS;S;l~}pڋI+.nodYsw믗__ϧ7/5;o-k"LX # FpT'wdw Ls7@3woe唡Voi?כ㏏|nu 3{~>" G:Vzab2zi"l؜wIu߈ֵYFpF:R*\,.`nBmyމT6TXr<21]p0sIEzo^+X.ZX̍0V~f&h(3it)~3*\ꤔa̕73G2n?q5U=Җawl̤R&Sw:#EnIDnH??=t?sbԵ]KTww\OGktlUaz0A/:g&Tb~4e/B Nd~uAs#y ,ʲUO9 a-қffD٩!|=A>Q=)(3ٵ;#ɲn-βt*ȣᝳ󱹨t/Å#;2|#ePx ?3(&R!Yz~qx n)22h[Re7ӧfV1vt!j$Ժ]֤i׬Cjl' lPM3 iytx l)ꇤ/ެY*!DfKY',t=n;nT~|~e.w…UdaݜhTK-s,uPšZEN9ϳΧUou)Ec?S-ӗQw}~r&fw.ɿ'K̈`d}UI_09 ?]u}m$y.uä,v9cw QummMnws.nOJ14D"ܿ۟uZ3]=vC&e]15{!q1m:%^UG#R>ŇJH2=̀pD& 2^W10:grl_ϗ x^wTE$Zg/.v""vP2>= ϟvzCO_NyޟLNKIDγLD}'E>j)*Ç޽ϑcx.̥;尭ߝ4봿-_\8ڷ?<.v~>t?ٛ#ֹ<N R lVMђER w2]C,z g .D`2ߙ٥G [v:KF7GRq;q9S:ϕד`600\@&s<^t9_#HdNn&ReK"9w3YKh!&..ݤB7Up"JЅ$@(=~<#) "J@ϳOhuy.wUtZW*!֞Q wKXeYD}j[ePaL N4Q-Gǻ4]Yj&"!!)4  :oZ˭@qE{#dz=w1%8h@/+H,D[s +82Hf #N!e+5 ɛu7[`\f#A hFӾ^AH(r9=#)a \ A#  ?//ɬÜ$撰$nڶ<̨g{-^HbDpR0 g,1 6iRí#3?rv<$I.)܃@J$–%JaZ0ȜHV_֭6ۆ7"yH`D=MS@2gvXȀyU]Rɭki]yy/fj l $Qv=<oKmĥp]ÁGmSg\!RJa,o0L uS=6e:23iJ =Dd!eCFHi_ߝS" ]:H nH`a|PfUGi W DDaq=j-ڲӌ$䒦i:s¾%՛R.%/143R}ȃݱAͿ 1cwL(R3G 3 u<4#oq3H-pGloo&Y5 Ᾰb7Q{bk|-8@WԠ o]|x}PBc G~97vh`Bo~?/6wғG6 {fWwE=<ro|{;}}" GQ>}A!:R JS2ب*X"$C1}8p!Vz)/V7U»yKYs2Igas`jGzkT- Bt;<5nje:t=ȧs־f c@CFfT4GP~~w&3A~w@V?&S.Vۺ84' JԻ;t܊aHD@ҿke]-:')lRL@hdO>k9tiX[wPI "Zծa/=JbHϟۄx%Z|'i(w5 O) s4!Ac@@{ћ#SNSf%Gs,BBL$…!sf%GĔS8vs$$yC"&L p|ˆTuZm{~.r42h-9ÁFD执9RG S>ܽ{Wt 1RLADh) 9^x R t'V|8TO_T5O3خ /g$Γ̇r0=<%d uCgv(J M7MccNEmmm]#|='XV BD&fD]ԁ=T]pW'DTppn-B5['n!%E6Y"a q\A%=,XXRbFh!V3˨EP!b`f}@ O3gڻGo==[Áe&!u#M $T nK[_Q "D@}g1'q*"q\,](t8*誧) c (E1vt ́  #35֣6_jG'޻$vC3AHkU f#N!40S"d84wPefY!@ȑ- KI+l}mX09cԶΏ!OHF~W"=FDD7 qA7 Z7fTB!pa$n,fTP!("@)S>LI4Y&͡yTu1@5 Wm:ws`uOkokvK,^4mkt30CFJ B4O ,PDCpp=%2޵Caиw4\,\#FS D8`4 ,v+h}X 9Fp{^o\ܱW@אBC3F&rzMfǔ$8n  F{W}|<^AoC-KV3$0|>|*ȢP-׾5־.vݑц )£Q%sWʹ,) uK3KrpB n}cV:EsoszZK}e (˥^ן0ٲ!5oݔ93$K\'%haAM+zq K8RJ򗟥Ҡ2+,/۔ţSD Aõy~zcʇ2mf0@M_49_Hxm\\|T!MtJTQD EPq?DV]@w^ i sNKg Bn\8Ժ(hF"@|U`AΈs  .{nm*L#CI x_(Y@ B{=V s^S LaN̉1͈аYw!D ')$(5"3hv<,?aaNXkEڈ(A+S*Jjֵ,WЈq Z6ɡSz:y>\3yR30UqL '"q@%NĜ0!k.r>ʔEω#1m/Lu`0YGnmf)S d sxB%o*v*ң{0R)iʂ^]aF  d@^S9#v",R>]H|8{צ-PqOFję ՍyཛdNݡo0HyZk>Gi^qVuSfH8:!ECj~Ga)efA#4Ҁ3mk"䌑$؝кVd ^8F$G6TMY#3m]S8'ح+yP ԩ>Nl;yd0"nW]ƅ EpBt@$Ty:d 9?K{Wf>Ԥw$<4{aDD)e 3 "K".ۥGb!A|HQlD2RH GC7tF q('F `ێ5}$)Agfil:\ް]&=u[sWv_z>=oٯu?,zqѾEx?+.7?~<Zy$~[,mvl2"fDD'IzNpFqqݶߟt˿Rl>=]:,fbNLXKW]>]7I-'fK#q֨F.GP $3z gTADϥO ؂:`b@q#BzuKlhK$Y_'(Y46r&%A uZa`Vy>ܢ>-:&1ɵӒi`ֱ+ӧ-.4}2uڮKp?<_ۿeAJ<g̳LjvG Q ]tg#:d8qL2u3BD`2a*)z9@$YC#\="*q"4M-,LU("H)AASvO-"/U󜋸:Vu#V0HdN[Y6aDԫkl*BDE0e])6^R[.H,ח@g\2RL!@c̢nuۚINfa[2UEg %e>)^͔D y&B2M  1JS"K,4%3a4̈́@tD"s091C{enh]^"u֮=abfH-3wyBDD,Z1K@‚B,DN%PXSsBhVyuխBi1M׮Йctf21f8X1v ; w@Wa_qL3anhFH(BJ4vYk  $BBUgpK,$Qz xԌ 2$J (,sN=,"HD `o#!$bBb Gc9 hMpc 5 z )\"RJlLCS.8apYbCzS3dE]ku+y>IL:!G@55B`  ]3 xs$dzi53)u`B)PXfpR~ HNHma{p1Ol#d71$mAHPaH,]ydҰdTl"TUm[ ``0>@U֮Ư-gG//or̯ݵ/k_co׹?/zC].0ک;!uwxC03]~L=nX6(q| ބfTzެ푼pCߋ/h,bK 􏥄𽉬^_>3#Ͷ*3'.2c"v$R͵$d!N'zջ4 ; #!mӧ/_~|yO/K}Y˵A9*ڣSMS:><Y-IDiRx.@e ixrO>ݴ7@H[B3]d WB?m]z\W`İ bwvD>:$zw/\\"AG';;XsBNDDgs ,GJQsd ] t6wߕG2P!" ޣW SC &fx/Dݰ7 0O#pkښO 't^z"MfNs_o_~Te.G z=kP8:f;T#ѝ# j@p̌QPx&Z{1:E0F;{DȁЁz!Ψh!MqZ<"%|9MM]fX#רOkA㖛ߋ5+~7ۍG}$o龋?9H #q+v_^xs"#m(}z;o}Go͈}KtfɈbz{_}"u{iƅMA{ w'y" HNBD/JdL !lX Q`L!¬w#*}AC6"" NLf(~\.` FMAm˂Vz$?} 5O7Tk,ewd_CN_d]EknP+uEZ)婧nW~A1Lu~(tHr<{msyyz·t~8=?]_~~׺?~ZJ=['ӱ_`)z1C:P1mF8:wJ ^r%+ҿN"~??'hA"Q)sw[2Ս9@ZkZD8rd!ʏ=1Y^H@=Nt,ZkRXZ 7 IDATڻ%$aDEELQDٯr"Fz "dײ]׮};N ye""R|"H(H 75)KbI`N(BY;<+Ha?PDfpc 7gdÀjb_JS9 .B_.G j[Aш!1'FT!t$ںAtۚ5DaHV$BT 6!O—y[9W<ϒak[* O}m[릆ǟ/yW'$`5",w&#!WPmf0 0&QrXkJpU5 ٘O]Ձ#YxoQVj$SZ;;FCGnI,'-Tit|wh |Uyg ճpG|̔ D0 =PMH.E :M…!TGwHwQN>$o嗏Ɣe M}  upZ[.p*1B!bj8)Q ;[|vCȣv(Cޜiwyww PQsvCv`;'K6!5M2z2cßSbHa_#Tp\Ckh/x@juy٭x?c.6ުAUG`*{t8p-Bwװ>nqz 0rw~02t#@ =X5I"ǯtvZ/FF)C"eoH$.U{#y~߹:\[у&m2eQj% Sb2bGŏ"ҝ*=<7 :N1mU{^œDzJ7R箛!]Jnˆ*B̿|˄U[kv^66#A#BJNb|=!i!Sg*ɻq90#d 4AW"GP$rGq*L$i4@-<,Y 9{0;(&50w 0`YN0;nTM$j@(2&aB 33Gu7YR)"ͩ{C4\ u 'E()hQ ,[<^ΊR+vڬ3 GX׊aB8B_1ԙ:pgTJ8)GAڐ1W34RNPN,ٻ]H.ě.3 "Q&LH\X&u8{e{v7ݺ2asrFBa0TN0'fWq)e h[tY 0օ}$@zޑ1i4l\djB6;6BbT>){}y7CͭWЍͭ滤Mx3^?;^ Fu碂o)+oap΄up/ "^u3$07 t@Dt,1D-,zZnWO 5zsڊh{HD1ޔ nZYDOo>Dt -ݿOtbf .{m15nkC@ hԺzC=^0Fi9Q v{\e0+riReq (SNҕz`X9Kjkq(qu1%|<2bəBcY0o\_ puz[2W C꽟b-zʅrF&Vg$ɠɡ90 jO_ ϛ-%S۬ojx"21<¿ #&@ɝOPUp1k90sf.t.!Zp(8v3m}C3KA%M){.w}`sښa>i+TGnOLi/ZӒRxRM}CjngΕ{Lľm[\?~L̨uEHu[ԣ0g~R~3'$a vmVãJuj=~~1mr6DL\ֵYJeE @Ue6r{7DG'(^@ t[jw)cp[[ks`9ov5@"0'5!gk$`"@a]!8!2JtTbPyq) ڵsZ_H$ f'CoRh*%M{M<|ecdh#%nC̆&"QA! )Cu\#ܡ:EJ(qQ+_8h[o d"5 ]ܣSqWfd o AX;$3oj7fDbys@ R`M{,YY1CZ`(O%QpekDžiSF=y1տYôϧm-s 䔈 jۗ[v==gH=-y8hVtkXM>d@ݝdD$1ٽ _5l5J@ CQF@w18Cq%"<9 A 0[׶m-buA^HA4VmZ 9E0 ‰Dlla̘tXtNw_ƋL|vS֦U}r-驞!CT70((aWO% 7IP.DKW% #?X˗|NA/9j@÷$a$r @Vfvj\\9=Gp]^A+FZ$CFejq0P\Uou9ݟG"ӐUzĮv9n ~wv~Qpq-.(88 ~*vk`¸b=$/}aGXu9ૻNj9a%\$y)4-Rb@-[dT x`fD0-aNqEö֢{w]NDEBfӴCgm}JZߖv0}rNvZfs{g 2zvk9졒|aӗw讵. S9$@s`;AΡ`tx[ҷy{O :R) /)DPJW>bWOO`6Ǵ$4v~m55 r P \"@ǰrjOTvPa+`8!b`  u 1+put ^6ҽ5Ww%v 钫}*(uCD D4Ȅ_S@$R9)Z 5f9VC[ xԦ`X{džCWfhjt=&ޫ"@@޽8 8H6:G31|w'2w@ `j#*wkH̪GXp b3)U Ǿ,EF3|YģkhƉ)`Wjrb#AFahqDŽ5Do t'-ỀSxǙHà+FR&LXuej__~<at;o,Hi?=_Xu!0Vm" X R.D|\,N !rm}] R5] YDՖqA'e}MlrJms1U_>qڥ~|Kx9o_l{9$1f b؅6ah)-SJ̉By*Ń2a(JNIGov: Sñ AU U.uYDd",݉  M.%^ey 5 !f'쵟 "O݇LMt{` [2 8o߿_Ix[__2B<} nqa7OE{ݷtk0)n c$ـFޕy@k HJFJh&J462pHKPSukdIEp}9/w\z4,8.Y=Uc<,-lVV6_; j0)#ؚ.-ԓpEXn;(1f,L"mexHB ­ 3*@6 ܇\FP`"$)!,ёJD ;B5Z s azDJB©]#O0? Ă1te{}Ԭ>͟R){u@05CmCR ->LygFD^kWu;Aѯ\^RZ@WXDrw0,3G fhNЀt!,Ldax=HͭKfxdn(^tGwh b:AG N S#i֚[xJR$ejm3+U-1I6'wW{ #+WM=oΈZ2I{3rʈʃ04+}w0.~  `E@ ]+iu'zWׂIzH3 h;? q܄z-pa./f@at+x f­b}3wW?,@@y0ꄷ[͠&BP\(HT47xZp @#pKj| n+d^w՞7@PwHKcEa@kL\!툈I7>@ֺֺ-ł.>=$밭ٳ֪^έrvѯ97̉A⩈8*iܔ~?߾$ݽzOʐ\վ< xgzʇķ#2ўpϴsAݍdꊕ 3TCI!we46j=,9_e9r,Sm@) tJUPrg@fd a%c nnqoykͬp'aFEXBљ\Z3vqr͹}]IZɰ pƐRޜix62P ﾝT#T(l[M szx7-s5JBH#0 ȣ7$H0= 5-Ihڹ L4 MmmQ29iޚ#Ka@kGށ00zԣcsq1AƭaY{ܬ{p*\dڕ<$v@d`&A8EG D?:39"C 8T=mh_?/zZ\@+hӐ9DdL$ܽ(Ѵ Jf Di.O-8\O`]5!X0ys#4, gqVcNMf Y$Ia4,"p Rp Zi7E3c @$+IC"" GԅLE ֭1$Rb W+FdD` Z<S1NtFaaa"{ N1xfH" s:ŷyߋ͍Wā-ť'wkNHL[=AF$M:Q gS7:D\tUm) ni݈kA\&6;yM;#:k_Dt=̠ IDAT=vC8p5o" zmzwljW #F{nwAb}G\[Gbu!.5q*_aw۟R~y %";> pyP`п/on{0a[so}Ns2ku"^%b.n;ljQ ),Fp<}v͒YԶ&P=a/5[ Ֆ0Mq;*sB>Y2Am[ bxkI~@wu PPF$s9bk̼RJmݾձuQN>s+dw6=_%%T&ڜ9I~TWOwL/筇wvJnpM^2$!HN%sEZΰU]Rɥ5j^8)Ah\"I $ yW3Hۀ2&B3D t>ꦪ-r 5=TM3U!^{~ǺԗӉ10d~,L=|zqm9W8?yt\PGwǗz0v QTs7sYRtHRܻc ;jYU{^?;\Dd`kyUH@!`0c5j✩0[{]DcD" ؔ][($Qͺ {\0nN"%qWnrn D\+ HB9h" 8^¡hKtbL1;0>m,U䄣=g8I`@Ra3(x^k])vs+S~M2!n4I:b"4$UGD@-A"5zp" T&L"OB0'bV Kad {wWW #"D F')pJ!% kF% C !0{n6լE @ 誇TR|kVrf><42 "IM7sN) !g)TvE(@UE56:+ƃ-"A`2$nfȂHa@`kMySiچ7T@t$2 @)&2{%Ή[nR,Jmq1 F Zx8`b M˘QX߶ܻH$:$I3 QU G@ЋE[ à AoY 5| @ST<}J i)%m pjaN6- Mokww@wo nz,3up%+$)y .K09&EBݐӟeRȲb^~%ʿ6R2nwD<%Y|Waף_$^IAFWqW w|ZC`{]|0 ۉVwDP5wONnuRy" %aYP ~ Z-_q3^P~I FWKw)vp ڢwO9%~1|@~zS'Z!'=-tC2UMۺ!3bG]T/~y:<f@00XZ5H}|VZ·="10^^8eOﰙ~ꚷ[8rx<7o_?Oeyۇ_>~$q8N/?=>1|>w}?M'Eou$^|ECywfb0]yC`Fp77t'6 Ϫ\D,AÁ%)50igsWH]BO m N!9nRYZmAs.O O _g`xz' |~KOik9鸝kNϾ}9jGpfh5%EuGtsBAQ\֦i s3穔B/S.{$4ͻ̿\ K9WG"΂B ) H\$@UCA"<4 # ggD̚B(,jKmnbK/✅0 c ɋȷ;Gm9r+l WvI23a`k*xu)9R2euTsIx"JeE'H*Apș[F ]M O<0S8mOu' thf+0(ed IHD&Č`qS#8!3B_Q0bd&NI83A Pу bN˺@MPbv.y_cN9 N%9Rod%{ B>`9k"3KwPs2$"DFvw0W'vHqTD >Ezs"qpGN a$BM!i#I6}C 􄑯DRC[ӮH1 *(ykM8ju3+ibƉ9GTݐr R(]qM ^!"0q73֋!ՍCsJ *4kmm{|GiM͜8%dj1,Pjˌxޫwa]Jrt!l/:C3;v917#HwAހqqő:ڻ[2?ˡiftiis" /2vNd[p9)2f$_;hަpS>R<5 G`"փkB. /?kK3lCF R 2~@~NYF:Z{t@DKWɥ4j =q9!b؛Vk7 T~Iw{e3~ׇ=O?Yow#-9[6(OyY~m/[kGy*Hri~zwH %<ϭڶi齯왫qݶ n_]Y2a]o9%ytzag/}iՁ֚|JΒvey nqKw??Rm/u{qeW^LO~Ǒi"CQ s$]^x~N֕vAJ9<3ZVYrIyĬmw3(̉bC3rN)/v@VLB^]$FԜ )wd&JIiG#*f,놿v>/i%@}_~xO}Y^^w]__9߿~ۂO&ZgCLe )cH=0 VB즹d-kݚ8q :D9LY8zi#Aob5Ra JĻT.n8f@UO,kbr1A:aЩ rfvWsĒ?SD^vv{/gNDܶm]WD,P D"JLDan^ِdShAռ1Hy9Z9nxy.'Me_H6M<#2ahc 8XxGk%`23T,s0~y96t(VR'S&pEA0zF!ܠ9v9C?owݔR-CJu;mpNcyTͭmQJ"af̄t ewe[PR_ $@ĩĘDCZa/cY&Tr!p3 H4[˲`fe.I/-xEDmʀ)%hsߕѭg5g ;n]<Arb'nۦ</;A Ġvڪ(PR\tPE9@AwS BP@jz7+e"ȽwHݔ",˶mD./#`&p =΍f= r~H] sSIЭ³YZD@\Ҧ}khB.APi7uHv<#ܭ =D䮺R͡6婞;~|BJxVOM IVPeND$H B0&vr pFujKfWi $Gi8 зjH8. ^=f:(/_{G=w$Qnwc/@ *Zx<%߂{r{QE& a0qPGj'6pF~餽kRh) GO$&In\ $+d.^-| W-"GxL8zo׫XnSp{my@3}ǯbp} AH2%DdJc5V7ѪmfK?>0;fp:vvvOEPnp:Ʃޕ%Z\ 9yF”MWf$"ĘkV{sȡ n!O_Pȿ|.[=>Yb=Ӵ˔\J K_OEN>=-X|~(Yʜd$D SYKRl"n^U۪3z K&0Uuk5F-`ח/\nZsuq53GU[Mʹ0DH\v =X0Q 9XUŨvqnM˷2{EV`ݣ5#7Zח_~ÿmm]R~ֺ2iom 3p!56 N,pY6L{p!$9rb-KJId\2IbCpk͚[6ډ=M)sHZuU"LX!A\R)Iz(@px@o޷u(JN2V@ @bZwwmrXĎ?"2TUwI93lJ+َ]{fwUC$$ʪP@"3s<K#eEH GkIhyfHAO^S__LěchPB-`&d050 $Q½0ضm"\̏!¼D ffVARU2kKb 9URLsx̺[k-SZsO3i!CɑAUMd 3@\Ă#lHl*$K`x`e8bPzd:'ٵ5bw8TDQ5 2a/_yV <Ly;G?PznTLowL7&[~~ w Мl6ӶWOPR-:M ]s[PΥ9C-םuH cfQ r8uDT&XJe1A;Sk212Y@t^Sy VdAYFsR`27Gi&/y*)/4+mIA p|nr]|tC'ZLZ|>/}+L!)3vYz([!fZʧ""dDnuQ3zwol'Q7a#Vf~^}H \캄#,E oǺib۶= s۲eRoBT0lUz"U̥v023j#aZ8,ӉU0TL5[bn.?>k$)(hUR$Pg[.g&%s.)C(#]k)UYF#+R@\53VNUc %I֐WȆCO9kAlDNDC aA<=$3#bl~8]#:B @JbsLw9Q&TX HUU<Ϫeݶր""zyuypuǧ*I"ĉD J[X)Qdh6! gwT'@hQ3c(3LL\_>PS{)`fd.ٚGHq8EOd,J Rމ pOpd)"4p. !sN#aXDoNsK(o{2z$7E:Gp!G2)@,|@:#@ b*m⃣-ÿ6EBAH6]f}DVf-3ԒzhnƔ$AH \vm[&RYJd1^?RQoюoX|Aw?0z/? 2{;|%}G46;N3;p0%o66!h& *o-B*`H&3(Zjei6M$M/ǟc{s}i^=3ܟܿ>8B{g|M}|N{Crdw"m zp"mʲ,|ZbtES噂|3 "=%4O({8z 0:77{mDo_$7.e^K?LyYt:͑~m@BDU~v]uPiEr.{k=wZ[:W0? tz`} zyY~zzZMD22i9t* VQYkYnaWGB́251'F#bFzc_#0XDN)}*p& 49 gDnP0s̨UEv 'Z[w\[O*(]wwN$r&~7;A/JfE7Ćȯ5lJoW(;&鋻[1sRd ÷mou9Of$%3h )u&PM~-{w([Ɠ!C-:qeNxfD2#dO"{@1_vAy1_KPSuf.[ 8Nz08E8o =ܓ{4#+xsc߷'|(t]F:|ED:MTC\ܳjU9m{vm=^/GЩԹ[86nEptTuGynֲkZ dhqDO&am<5$RJqslj ˳ob c/=?O/׭o,H(df۶*}?ӯ/=Lk{1ɽoYr[*'bkl/RYQ2Qana#1q D{׹A-ZJ!8{MSJ ͳOADFҽEw HchX;9oeP@tSɂ|[ٶ6|{:TUXTX@vx"E3؋{e-CIL4 $(#Á-0}TAD:\-N͆]d$YQխR)á $HR23D&#H xsaM JBF(.]wϦ}s7ߓR0ڑ z&0rx04$:y;P椀nc O`@"$ʻ!bV=$}00z2/_з v??߽M?= ;Cz(o4r'A0 hۂtYtuu5wߞ<4m;EO~;U7d}S1}hlfacZ=~~{Fhx<ō2ܔr٭x9n41}*H6-+6HoU aͲl1a*T{)E)XLdүi[y?}[^ 8R6٨zpsۆ:$Aֶ)elY ~^6B}^eHfZTl~9˧,RG-2o}tʾ^^/Nc9,y,FsKGwl-htxA@g!o= s&;D,R'#ۓJ>4h¡bG#ڮ<eviE:3]ޛ AR' !=$-DBLDOJ|i2L4,ڴxٴ賢5-ձS7EDsFٶmE拿j7T zUW- ddb!%Nfb, >NL@505AQi[~u{YqRH$)r *u`|:j-Ni׾lӜۇ=?>_S=?<i2_GD>23{n bL›5"u)R&\A+%!zpB.-p0^0/B4TjLޯ0}N&NEZF! Yf)N#yl$޵׉phf a#.zY v%1 ;kP5τ2{la'hIVZ%Rmͣ;GZ5!I3j)Enwޘ3s3"ՕNzl0ҜtqF@rb$Yvd2@L(E&du Y@>Hݶ#[.Zq<*n_[|ä3we]\KZcXr3`0v_{Hra-Dʣdv>զiio=3TTrYN֣ l[ޝUyRP&[u[m &3)" N޻VrRNifTvn̈́e֑+WSݝU"HJ6UU$C9TMdX1*1(oePtR"dP3A&{.Nq۟Dxg),9{`@wCȒb4%SK! *ӨX%(.Z!L"N ҢaCgz8HdM2ECJ1f15/45C[{qP߷yLoȾo3&`?Djd&yH{ $lEH}833~?i7;kM |ߓ< zmpWa7ҭ0h<Uě|9'2;rwR7o=w[G6aq0R\׸nv/H`t\o*́1n,;ƍ̊sOu;*ӻI8~=^+U~.燇>.߰ۊK۰Kt'%3<7N~}Aci ?,u+mlü-˯ϯ_f_h,ǧukw/$a~G_GtGUʏБ[ӣtZՒ 8!I X W"-I࣊jR̊)3Ǘ˯rx:>=4JԴĦkƶqϲ^s&'~R]0۬z2aW=:1kV9DmL\U)uN!$V8jPʔ(/KQ~z>-r_{ dROx8LSoa%4ןyʢV%y˵o A9?h8b:b޷Pl!iezވ__C ""@kiU"|yz弚1;1JA?֦̞ԂzdH I Pʇh`K8SՄ"l,BViYo[Ǫ}ۮY޵֢oDy,j33:<6F`&4Z&o| HPS32Q5ͮ5yRw[ӯOLJ_>^afuHKBP >ג*=)Sn5 =NO?haz>2O՟!x߮뵭[  "hf, fz ")(W2Sj+\im;ثвѤ!4__jE˜$k[?p טBKҰ2wRs UU=*SDY&qr %Rcix-Q Z\ sy O֠:%u_#RARKlDBNnh>€tmSwZ BƗZk%,"eKEԳϑ)ɫM'Lf'#ʇ"\ }Dx ɇTm͎y>AТwۈz1enBq,TH ::"mQ2M4ff2KEU蔖| JXr޼5u*?ʕ@1ꀢ; k7P꙯^LOgZNKLEKŵf/m 4T߻<ÉH(ţYDSq[pVuBBND3ohͮy~$Bv~O?}wZZ2OFr>[g7uv _]NJɓgIV쭭^7zpu:mRK-=":DܻMci"_v2?<NYFk/?ob2RYL !(V*rQѩa*5^/[v[͏' N)ӯ_kY=҃*n"\$"»]FFZCL33šnSj-EuLLC1y!>D¢"?^RDNDIm 2=zlַ 5@2گ;G -h +Ŕ?mIr$;z1UUs۝]>τ?"pܑeT-3^`0ڳұL9ۖe*5֦"<Ϸ(gJtgOm?W4}xx/Chp*Rڥ@CZ3ڊ Q|q;R|t-Yh(ٽ0ͽq"uQ,°D i=()յ9"" D)oȞa:ϪZ.\J8"4a㿪];y2А{ב p%"`Jޯ$ʨJpHLOwyF,iڏs%3Ӛn^.Vճw?{&\[k#Z vt&z'Ī\iRQҴLRJti{PfNozǾ5|(\ұ{q)i!)E``rǃh*F+Y2e(l،}J=$e˛Zyob[It(S q57KMfx8Gd#ZzUET$,JZ·8YDhۺQg"Й9 sF o<n` /wr^y_TRqLarnvYZ8J'O/u9N7|NU}+ojUӶ/rj,o i{:+)%Xuc;޷sn[̃"efknZe9 y=oaW.\I1-l_ac[~x6RKIۻ} eGkVt:ܿ=?s{P*DU4k"H3}qHV10%aJ4nQDP NUs#O""R(")L nn 5dOQL3e-MvY(" ]jґš) ڥhFGs;Fk_̘I Z7I<*[,SQgF$r3GYYs,?\~I=޽-rwg#<~|{NFio2ɡMysWLb%~-\/$II=UBB9 a"EU}['] DTJF.iۼ[' ?XL4ziܶZaH;RwfpDd0sU[$ O! Xٓ&1üøUT8$Rrd?sċ:eI4);e03h3eݒ̂Dzlf`Yw/!f(P"B:ew`RVpx[,(D[wy( Rek-2U2i79Xz!q$H#ќ, TM z͛FDŃ:I(YǮ#ON$*X5(Ŭ+favEBBΒ$Jϛ1*"i"ٶᄍܝn $yn-7%?av@F;6D|7$rg|b̍W }e@ ՍG[t5"d鹻HWۿI>ED\SהF 0zayu(@D/ a/)/2c?, hg[Ocuy2wѯ܃b4qQc?Ʒ`l>bq=p'{w (|-/<ϗSg*״B$IFx( Euy֏A"77%$"&ţ4j4MS(4f+Ev@Da9hTT(CK8.H&傡p?.+xi[[۬1˳}"eVX 93WZa( &B,+\HfK<$z\nIO𥯫QNL-ß>9,!YrUTs||tYOۛ7|w󴶧޽fMe*ʅ=vq^xRsغ[kz\ 'en&RH3>D]eDI~e JeIINjZ=\NoA)MX*@B TD&)xh1Ik)Y*/`r`6]K1h$M1I2"~XR!"oN A)2E ;hX"("h0_ ʤ\{-C8 9ͬ]֧ I4 `" V&W`fyI06&G^[$U ux7K +?fKh)'3͹Ac DPT%f2 Rt QS(1'@3i[ooӬ21)Y[2D6j>`f] 0(#o.}8޶M7&"|2RԨHsT梻1 "DRxMp"fAꞧٻP%R !QU*^5R0oaѺeXR2CU](ޭM4SYG-ރšC(Au1{"YH SQkWLc1!+@dqxLf`QV1PK-'gT g|Gq1ړDuQPPCxI)bdn)@%1%e( ovW"?u;~erE塒$"YZCL BIB\b'z.f)rNNFn jc^q}"r3b/5T^ž쟿&ޫ]fQ!a0gEo/sg5ȤRpHs楾;I&2H̄Zq+=^V;:O7nxsJp{sseJrXzУ)LN/}ݴzRL!`rElYw3#I2|v>i9˥? oo~ӿCٓN|Y|>*v=NiͭܮִSk-38;At1 'xNgZuB{OZnrRTsanW'a0ch0Ȫ `֑t\%<.鼝[0s-*>LD"2.(HZ,=p3Mb 0d23‡r2 3&.1 "Ei {,FHXukR*sly](jQ)ސ"RYBUb<tVDz^t[^VT $)>MO\"lO??|xz*oop?K{ۥOiSkRn9ܼ`32c;kLb=s*Ch1 0.l L,pN; Cꢤ%xf"4,ַ6'2$NßExպOs̜DEppw'r]cp-g0Zkahcd%?:?̀C)-5=b#Jg7.hЋ"OS˴b.E|k>wERZV$܊ƇNTA9̗"[dI R1 ћ*I$>>VƗ1ˏ:|(2Z˶QK,K'p g ˵xy1**%,{FDDCÔY)! ywvKRQV9+;)Q<ж-ZiR@Mu]|"6,v/ZS%E4`6xf "ܕ(G8XAPfkDIP+Քݳe$xgpf.#WzQj5` &aĻ h"iVu dgКFd']Az "BwG%ᒝm$yP!8LR#5Ӗmb pu;e\X+ 7saD+A{z}ΧbXA$Ҹ N n@14uae= |5<œ_v;&$ D#p3kf@#<~8fn"޿{pXv8u=~O~7o˗vү3 ȢmYWԇ_s%ŷ,eZ9EijFz8k=T 믏 ]N7_t3w3-9xy]w7e&e:Z_|MDN|i֚U~,j)NdrNA;MUb's*um޷m% BNS-,uY/"R Yn tԝ\k{f I,yp6dpI\#4UTԽ$a1lO",E`fH342n:υEE%ݺ0͐2%zP@^LWTcű0:Nwd]%gZЖ2@bb?x䲪0'›eL"Ƞ ^'物l/+?.y= NL{O^2@9\5"#wB &Ȏ~:m_>1A /J4*!XvB/Qf1@%ωƟh$eBA5;|U^J/v`3Ju;9.?!iA$e?ͻ#v~?矽O/pҳjʳղ/d)3#(ø>x?b3yAI=NF/͈Ed䉈$ sz\;LsѩZGgTɻb/~ IDAT5~e*_b}~nb٣;p~~lQBNz?rqNnyy~~ڻߔe>1=|۶S63Tt 2u2!dؚC(Nfk[Q>/aZ/TY|N0YJI'o%2s8jE~2!mM ȧ.DN)+T}~ߟۿH|5 f(rckW<"$Nd놁ĕ>`z} Wb45ؒi50`=oe7(>tCn =fxrzNjr0Gnn_ro6w1JX@mֻ8ՙO,7Nw_V\imSl˨7e=}\Է7<mN?o~{pRs<!t*2*i[=^NJR't0+RE8", N[P<=;} 9&\gͧo^"眤O4}LBkysD|\#0m%>_,DzԲNۛ?۱ʠMFa[fdڴ(m-*Re<ͼʶŘ32[wW8'٥u2؁(\΅!Cb0֚YtPb$Ůf$ "JH4#R(N .23)8PYE4KDHn@J!=܇L "\[{dRf&FoIek*Ѝ("|@LDͲ{Aˊ&}MP_=}mlӞ#Υ0Rd$r{۶U3u'92MW*(HJ]D/Y^>ѷ5C_+3o -xeeGokO_v<|l7_}oD{߽{\~=?]@oZ3,Ӳ77u5~o}7YN+SHk?[4cU FTY1ˠ.M۳^N?t.'?77wۏp8L))Zy8·܎nn (&RSQz>yy\9-#/U {](EF_O@;N [)rZ T*RlMo".R S^enf('X Ewnf)m#%m#jYw b\NP9,!=JZ?=? ag" ҃Y0DDaٴ*\PJfЖd0r,W\uvg`&h s)*"CKq#'<2.7c᧻x|{S~ǛyYeO,fl^QʱA8m!L_߿?~S>|ÿ}wwkǿ~wǟ?lF:27{TfISom},intnOzt"eVQN~\T 75`ܬ \iHw_[ouOfQ."EEY.fa:êZkeX3+tR?"2 *97ZmsR*卛T2gPXS^ "=yuꆜFb&ٓ9 V'jD4DlQFH#u"B+Ia&* &'> ۡZeYH˺;ka)D9ݻhKIڷ&D`IYwۅ{.EHqهzeV9.#a"[wDDϛ-RNUUnfhM^H8Z IUvu]ΧE0n-A\M]njy}uyrT9LHYO p07V օp4M $[AeiNf"2$aUPKe ZۣwRf,DF2s'1ٵ坙Uv-0Kͩh ,=B$@if惈,R{o69UPmm&f|^sd-w"Ib.IC3{=yH V ')(<$sx[ Dufw34fRf<,x~piMUoV)(L @A ůJ222{_K Jَyw9jVz^/i]dIGfR6d͖L $A8cxsΌ"Q>go/p茜!}HE|L )!W#֚9>]?_]u=ǞE\?φzٸ_I>x_6/]IDh`Ceduh" vAff`ğ _$Y "4ψ 4E2Obq<4>1s?Nϭ={\{kLe(Ѷ"=OOz|~XU/ow?xzzz %:hYj 4B=7s)ضm%xF6>ʳ?&ܿ,O!qC2ܢ<Qeyna։ҋPO>OmMgᲮE #XΜevQd$FWr`ʒZX(LEgnݽL):|t҇DSuSIqt3"{~ =A.쑽.%4MDXĽ-daUwyg5 1:MG4-I3s%"3%G0̩g2̬[ 3 ! s# [PPIҖYH\vTԙuԢ*#ѧIO3' )~ A""_˳Ve fڢG~{~Zi>$*h˱?봥񎱫Z0ٜްzr*}:g۲,+ק_ƫ§*-./쩓\ݱ촥(540<`鵌6t=y:x=YDI|RT3L+vIj;@ ;2=3{S !- TIY23kL-[X P?g$1#:5}8>3Nu( o[BIL*#8w'LTjeUpeVpVJO˜DLIBUmNL"@Oy3sPR՛F LGff˲qL7tOXx~"̢" pF CE@,roFfPJaJ3;/Gw|i۬d+w V-Ei-zYN*V" ѽيg)::RQ4UDͶfJJfIBAcZ*N9}wB(WтHEiWs \ketEN[ b's0MU;;o@0bl1@F[`wg#bGS#I ɒ#"L*<˙SYRעxb! @wxB@WJbLDJy#m!RddϬD!;`] 5Wr?FQQ1+ amdP&~x?|3Ӳ۶F=w7\u;πE~@2b+#'349?'T'CDN;"(q=!6uWK)僚ZY%s%÷^_켺{̗5El '9j޼R%K_˿5ר"z}P,S?LE\ ،ҝ0q9zۼ^CekCywRyk)"BLINI2PcAF} Q_p)Zt?HU\7k="m}LKud˖2T9Jf)͖]]zdGwPt˕GJkj73k?e2e%H7.YSՇ t!^Z 2$&Dz$Q)n 0A=FJ2'S:"XOK;OB>#7D5?6'h]A:lq,p!"f%NtCfyYNÇO/Drx[Y2enO}ܴ%m/օ n[ ǢgʜĢUe.(A(ֆ9rNJ[kI$dR%n̻YBrpwHf; "C8wEz䰲W3B**sY,F@?$e#'yOa$2|],BHGɮR҇1\Q )cH ' #(uހ݂x`ʓZd 3΍mbj. 2x߁"]^8E^pq]ɽ_+"IU3x$=" evfxyd Rz&'QBtD$9X7bQ?`{~خE!Na6>Lz)324ݾ7=1#D#ع5'O閙9$<-dB<>8ʴ-8oZ773?2ҟʵ?՞,/=|CnN1a  Aa2'lz[,ִw>fyY/8JzR iL1ĩӱ)펢cXSYD@0۰0gf$#3})dLuP%Q-I*q*( "F! Q`G] zDff̳Y 3oZO#'kaiHMd.`; kŰX"LDURj8S*Ӆ=}KOgIzX$X@| &@Uk{6[.msbILT( DB,Ig0$:rpI T]W# 8~[F hB 2\YH )Dʌ$m,x=LsiT TҌÐ0uE:W󼉅dj }L IDATܙ%_$*B$0(%KfeLExKhŞRSt }I Pe";3 N#$@1 ((,@dVl4(#d0 v6b#t٭?>}J~ovDđz.*|WK,v\F-z*q(r~I>ZtD0R8z;V @e۶kբ"$Cwb`w(&@Hs3,!)%Ƒ ,Q)a=ZKD46a\24z`(qQffbٚ0_Up81?T&e$˗6zp尭ܷꤷ"'Ҿ*ؖ(S2ɸَ8˝˷ٴʱպy;漿noߞ~x<~x?pW __鼰E<=ۆ,nn+Ť>!x"1,ΝZk$E'c0D BETYpewsZÂ{F`I}+Y8@) qr&Dpe6,L8(\#. >跏og&'% Ǖ@{-m?氮?/JKUV3tS_I><\eJLS7/8KB` 2(RESns9_}=C"a`;u;6rw%[ux7uY]ly\i:P2b*mS^yJ5 bl2bc=ºg9aI.D˜Yj h 2"8"L]Zk}uۺ慈r QkӗPk= i l޻%ʛCAf<,XpUDK UY[zk֩j,x/(pM$-ppwϡ%y]#X(zE蹍o$@d&G#!( st S:O,ei_==\絷en|9ݿ륵u癥@aD[Kťz}ҽ7-piT(~U` jF߾}Xu||vbӺ5$?SA,޶ mbfLJGJ RH֚ Q"P& eRf&L(esL|GYIDcq3j yg"D)@ΒCrJzd13mn%t"M#0ب~m^wԤU7r(:sׇx[ɴ01pai4Uɓ䰪!a&訔c[pW* q9XX8+ldn <ɇN$/[a BФdfKXuXo2+ XJpd v-},Ѱ\ SfUPuS4: hjf:BZ*3Ĝazo;]Hx<W)`UJeڠ&,sNiDl':wo8z вkdx[;2 *u[TZOFO#'h4$0VN@:e  hШUʤ2S2 žiF3@DcW pf8v;'Fɖ9R˔U NJ?d/ID\7>xǾɂd<,{Ew[AWOua=zT$ X#6|"䄄{sgB!@KȁI# 1**:*׆9qvZ_wyojXS^ϗmYf3+w8~*aH-F %S8 :14"o<(CUϹn-$?跐}g̀"se4<|(KWzG^%yp|sط;aHFD03H3& K2\f'Rǵ1hFDz<K,zxwK]xdҶP JZ%!̵L[kʎHےʢɮe{˷;r(C:U*pN<<4XIzI :۶mANd=n[d0VDx *vYHYBZw` l,ֻnI3 Æ0D| elҟW<'9]74kv|6 )dh/emmu.YJUְAl:wYضz_pl:1ժT*DuyP<ڞf\x߾~ٽ׆u҈?2msZjce{t!Y4G B&Fi2)ADt"bUN 74rJhIiêכmάyihh`8idDgZ;o$<BCi$4 Sܐrz*2daÿZybB/hN^FfZłB IÅ 'Qe@U7m,oq-ېW" +$+ͩ%8œ$g2KB@BU'2ha`5r% *C f$!T/u9c2]), B9V(J&ݼd@uA25c H_tRn]S\4zzΫ<<ᩅD> NJ"O3,$| /g?y^50 LpJ! fw¤L "`Ud]if:f~ddzc*"H*,A1i0Ȁ;E&\n!f!W^U"F;CL޽{-:o"?>đR"vi7 u~p+Cƭ{ZGzS.+;)50v+~x]|=_|~:\qe%Y2)͗6O29#ysoOϭ}D䎆Cm39r < ;[ vxU]sӍ~ccʽQkDܠBnln?ȌMp /W$,A, 4 P3×p?%o9^[oDׄn^i:ɦE>?Ai_(H+Ij9iU;[f޳[0o^k=k(uݺn.-~^W.+eAʒoO=SOݿ\.rwzw8b 8;MomLDA3$uCnL-[3jO+t0" 7cPPFyP<zUd桦/*Uֽ$$@o1 ǻyxdې!*2ǞgEn0iAmVg@Appm[&BXuy b-S)Ezb`9%W"{Llv8V!%OtS9t&3"ӑ[_ 3Ckr}٬m׭9|֭G$*9nڳ9󰭷<ρZ?S[z҆R˷//QroݶNNHj)|烕\2=?}w)sCf=)UTQp̲ҁE1b .\D^EHDH,"=2#XY 5ejzth)i4Jp8X@;_=ֳT,\5a[h5hFCw jÇIlJ4m.{ %ϛe$k))~u|y;FO.70> 5/y;渿l<]\ꤢx?yۢšĽӶ MRN4<5`+ D8|[uxHT&fvQa+}'?;#< B1H9H "YD&13C*gp4OEByt"hwjw3=43YfF:B80=y ƫ(h~G>H;,7su)7V6bBPp"3v ›F"z4~4r_].˷u9/uI'dZ⏏֋ޖlIFO[]S4~;g(0C]$57L!(#ܿ#C6oobW?9?}ߦƕÞ7vo7D퇽緇YJh% r79wmF~xx[~$o^s<`oǘ~xt/wt|\VzLk>||~{@ӻ,_W_O?1#=?ϳ}w|:Mt|&5!>|t8ֿKa^"p'5t)/i&GJ}Zb[g-{ g2XKD妙nH2! M|kqI&p"b;.$`@XT~׾HT ak}EDP1SRlZY3z$xL'ZEn>r9Rwwr hۙZ+]ܷmTtYkn\TuBkwǣ=3Ow`*SZ(y[.±.O27-y,R,zPÓ=&)Y"֭Ssmv/HlnqwwWJ\.r8I) ,[sDlC)m[1K=y>-j,C5Z~VUoU:ii>/,3e1s Q'Kos|}ma|mx >u;_~|0kJttN˖t'`~^ڗ̼ޛE*IEEp Ն}!c\GTɬY뉨TKKj }3QRU!D"]L @aa!ƒIz;Ҿ0b/[IOUyZE'u*T25:W03#Vk"WrAgJʆLc|ECQZϟv81akSly =sy&"W ,PTj-eyўSUHKLNzX۶zgQkRNgpaRa'JRX%t{z_"r9pY leLSƚghUBDOgRE$maV̵XO+|x׷_ p?ӇwI>+<%_Q|38Y'o˲.zƽekۻc1/EXS5dKHfϱ͕ (,H9F[(2KDb\"iTU$ dFt`U%*%3Hʔgch)BAB@t32 dn`;TK9h 3[Ȑ AزX7EId;U(ys\͈&azD0g)%j1l < \Fk ?w 'QGv3:yVQغ c5~>r7"r=+=*Mmu R_=|ryYa}|唬fUlkX?Ķ+O_JßO념j6}ˢǻOfƖ`FfI2,QSq * FAæy@&U3w=9ٙ`&(hWvk_,#NHѐ5J:3Gu(jsca'l10bf1wd.`rELܒk=3%#aN@\FBe~i6(RTNQ7ψ g E%ЃJ"lt;e~"Ac|nxБH{2(UE4O姏i_mSJX@f~ ?2;{һeH"N4{k",2=Zk&pX IDATyO?}+OԪ*i:O26/hxsM-=ķ-vivpB0)w&<(˚e% ޽j+-tsܳ [,JDEnU9&U@ҜEаv #W1q!R6{abyڔBB) LP  2xV[˩2HZ_ޞ`\eEZNr8\os9p? tmyNͶS&;|%!Go@+D™p|KլU0B2̌lwȶfIb#8#]' |]}r -a3W7:4yD@@~Vi7 3BUY ̬uB&L %Fk&S1OIbҸH.-"Ld:TѸǻc|ȼ2,j0J A#` kީ Ha^(J_ZJTN,^=ΔӶ~>XN>ԿU埞ވ7\ڰ3υڶ0h-Ҳ6v8ܷ:0׳Ǐe5ӇOjݼ_-󰿷9]<=x淗k0ϵi>Vg-yz 8r]0{4ɄDnqw r^/p>֗*խuۮ<^ m^oNX|Af1brCDx238cA ̌qcSf=}#K %ɝ3Cvv7<9&itJM!V-ͼF="|(3G e{7$v꘭ DȀ/>!潵60u''3a{3ʅ!ܴڰڰ0uzDՊ:%dz0Iߔȷ֭屫pԲZ$7j.80mF,tnlP%r@)I:oH42VEͺy8H53R[9ݬZk*̔sn1zw5 1Y;}# 9Bhp:ĢC{ `TeXDJ",dnfA< 5bɮ $3'4lQ)fA (sHB;Ybđ$8(hYS@BH"BD1^ؘm۶%2Q>|x://_mǹ@KY-ۺCvK k$rM+L#/}MS8ZöpӟxݖZD^j "jfֽä:ϵ9zW?w:H\IA !H'kL&X9PG 8wpR=ܚ!INa[ a'aa$G+2=0BA7~%,ΦQDw/s"3[Ozy: wvFmjTR9ĩ*Ty@l!82QWR -r(#դ ϵ2:Y%"nlfZ83{J1C3=D tKR4齪ĵNuY>Xv.ñܴʵ,=穳2!03<D"A 6SJHa !Z2MTNDZJ|s;Qz_K<۪:>'\o>}pv]L-|)F}'fJ^Gͬ4Pq19i LaaI 7*<h`A<3&2ync9J=L"'=ŋvC 7+ y`̤؛ J={7&5Ƿn̉A}jKNܬGHAz8Oxe Z쒙)C/Rl)3٭Nn1Epy\ޖN"}`$@ '$ D#Mp}qi-S=﯉G74(B3k6Gg%YDhf .AdmýG 'fK_>e]/_:GZNT"\'Ujc%iZmlvffN y|Ϫ/ץI}]m;2\Jz5ϪސA8;3Jܳ0Wlzڰ=TΪ=*?p۶m:̗劔&eʃ5ѱ3ٙ򺰿6ə<<~ZD<4&m3Wpk~,y>?*3M "DL7O$EED58fx6&kf1-Ei0w09 '!.BʢE84 (Ymܚ"2 Kh{<󬪗d{3(0CUHaV=Gy* 6a!@ xdWk41R&m Dӏ??Q' [V_/V<' ,{ƵmA%+פwNmctV}c+fL=4AM$l_k-9si붍bw#2AKXtGBʐdʤ jmb !YiB$RD `dc#Z7af$ 5Bx8SqYs ,IC `&`p`,0s^IRAbKoщYG0ܻGG̣{nݚE&CݽG`-O#EpNBefDXup=r g4(BTU3S2RJYp KPHYVeWL=):$ڈ!n?2JΡskw6N>#̵J,=:Ϳѻ"561ڳձ{!ᜈQ2>ܟ**Io3+ﾨ N8A4 xq˺t_v].uYKLt{[76eݶ~(8/O?B*w*$D>tDf;ߚ /[.XDgC4b&&Dp@LJ9awS/A4<:< v Ƥ>T Z!D pȅu/GC0]`}1ٱ$|Gf&h"1{OՃU)bu]>^OTxz8W+G Ϟ 2e*u>T%OuϱxɧnާF`l$*@Z._/X֗ቔ"R1enިLY&҉__CŬrG8^]܉e;滹ZpkWJwۚFL3@I 6]m]t6_ҼPgқ/ֻWr~dZ +(`8Smw7" {0kj̼w{T+P J!R}8rd(82dH1Ip>pxFnʬ:}ͰvlDD@s$9AAH6x?#D&o׻/&D4>H{j*(9!*2 5Oo`^de>\uqLTpa|>p; =.˲\C֪%g{/BaRE^&*qkPǏV-U΍i\/FEVן;kk9yy{e;?3dnȉeXJ_#9J9=(8-Ȉ0ϣ '&MB#u9y {b'I1QRv=z49AEҪiчov.%AJmvG2Qs[rJIa½Қ9FNT[O@DQo $L2WUUex: ~c!hXRVa/GNaϯ_;L4IKZ/bf۶ޛ +GˆnD$D2Y[wFvY pHe  ԡD4bʈ]D3ͽ[aI/Kk>Vm,}b/*S(Oww'Oof֘!2SJ +mf_>86䅙 ZF.#XVQ IDAT.;F=^0aocJ"o4B2ȴ1R^ ; e,A0 "e*U:nf$,ۏlHq+@#8r"qmz6>U%&;۱$' {Q., pIgF ⢝ҬO~4Q4Z|Y.[,$^u2E FiJ1u>U&Hۆ69!Z1a6ۂSo׎aZn̂d֣w!Vr 4VcN|X9һE8M$')Dϳf Ӎ!ʐ*L )ZfR*REhHe/f;F=izd(F"e28!`:-/\Xf8<,B(0OE (ICC2 ݌( q$ "V]^<Н#'mMCND`ĉ'f1`")aDq[l8UB˄ѨXO)^{m nW`b[w-| k#"3OG2Vv,wӱJ"4 P%;a ,YqՠYN-|? VKvޜJbK[9֮ ˲,v圈"h]HAEuwǷ'&tB`@DԷ$LZk ܻwu @Zk}'|}g'ӺY):f;ZS toͶ庾u;9zp-\ĄcnRyۊ]G"iI­X7. ߂K)"F0R<)(#mcezU9ddB Ľ/ZJ!?m#kECذ@seʼn<2VU̓4|P0 ǐ0@F'snI BƢ*62=-Hr LG.=c Pݦ ji It8NJ"b TL-9,c!.rL"ϐTAxWP7ofƾF[PF׷Bs)K%ĬA`ֳwKp$WML[@L@%s%1(|<_rLs(g#0T*K)z--=$\'"9GYZy`XSfKZHu iƇ0]HfbQ  DPBT$襔 HPeݷR 3vZ!v{b $%u130+R*hoj\AU-"#`?|iuZv%Q2< {ȯ4n]DhDͦU7d &^r X$ qA8i͞7!ԣo(o#ߪIɵjޖǧݮ\,7kStח*YP0ui,|PA i*ifiY_]}+efN"SQl:ouiJ5ѓsBm}3&@2z]JN~h>.y#͝<\ m뺮Y\JaxTk8ݽb,] >Ԍ<$"݃oouo+f*ۃLTXF>(#bVLmCԅH q y)G[fɱsݚaM]rEb&QVUwoD(s)0_m~4`)e4ɼHgzIzl!'mMt Oʕ=D@R@2|7qR3;Z5!i:E9¤o|B{A-ᱽ{`*"($)<|NBJ@{n&:j<`% 9+#ӻ]E9MR x@4*3*&!xu,"Á[QOIW\Fw차۸((Q6᳾ݚX8L+q,˲S9=xO(Ȧ$&h%MdKB=3a^A$Jʡ#@ݷf1 'gdp4@$O"ɚ!]:irںo%Yy&啙v3|HeX{᭛JC&rJRfӔ]tpD7%*dbg3hf;e*SvqRqY[gb{6(r> "$BJu4\E/t8-/˲7wgml[x|E/U[7Z@u__>㧇*ږu*ɷ&G?9r)N*__K,iϾm[5t8̧pg$q=|^ 'Icr\y^ps8sd&gvE{ t7 1R1IꤎQ$0pw ~+48$$#o<ȇihnmg$fZ{qZj{,T7Aso>OZ8}3ַsJZQĜRi]$XLǜ>Nque|ӟ˗~Qds:O??kZmmǟ>;NEJ)qesS&8ς#(Zjuk$0K#F|y9CaL[sR"ktSU"6):fMֈ, 0[U d`7EA$1Qn0#FYh}ӛ3$f|ڐdэ8ַkZw[h݉s.4p42%y8""!53-toC s7DGaD!A HN{0!mJ2rK0"uVнK*98jRV[(v s9̬ Q˥nѷӄ=Sx@;j7֭='~TJ5(utJY$[`xdY z^PW(z'Ic8ՌtZFD|K) @o9Q`&&[Mgm]6T3^Gn{ǚ%N=B1qK 0@9bx& qfPy^좡ܯ}7%O̞3?OrMNUj8S*EGFϏ3Y"}yc{snP"d.ՈfSׇa = 0<ɔpk/?>H3gb8$LehFYH0.a閈L51YN,Rb`,d-ANAARjcl}7W0PB%|3,jDI# }BӌVM%@͛ow%Qy8;OzhMiv%fk0Ǐpr޴iÝ@Vvcf?~պ1<{s}j9Ƚr <ˤQ\j7|>k)Z9̷ɇrM۹Z7ƒ<\#}};E1PCNiRSݬOS ֵw5O-'=)%$F@ "@丱V3 h0q)2tCoo P .ڣ &bډL On}Tk" JD2+7`ӷDO9lE@SLd6B0 |*#CaGLA'1m2X?:"‚ࠑDH?}ڮes3׺_Q2E0xYcSm/p//weT8iGqݞv4M9i2&NrtSkDG/9?۷秧oTAD^^^kɩ)0 '{_N)n n1L-?'﫽}2}&n+:_^1sANRΒ,8Â3'["Hnet"꫶d*D9'"Dݎ)'ID`wϒʔ1d^׺^Yh3{Fl9S̸TµE%2WWnm׶~?}~b)-6Wv2t><9g^,loYJ9<-[+>da7Ǜu #f !]"FfP sE81Y_J9ydQb{eYp X{Xia6qV-KBy7x.2ni,@qP= !R闬8 >&E%r"Nb@\M-p8q oA1X V~R*Kz0!Vo{' 1yxܙFwqX95f(S$MɺuИ«y Ayo&"B# AY$aˉ8%A(% xkDAP 4!Ime3ո[ UFDqd!x:-4>"Χ43ə^ױޱɹ-!չvћᵰ84]2e3.)ԳL<ēDm]4gf̄mZ[(GGC`c4"1 My1Z4GXُӤ=T PVk{:P@º%gEPY4L eɜsVEJL18"XLA7mHmH$iҨtj^567G"Bu'JB9KTn]DrZ8L}LcJ"+-S"kŵ}: $ARf|>>>>>.޾7߰㳦=Q#֛孇G24Ԝ>.ků:#|>)ܗJEԕjzHȼʍҪZ̳$̱nӄ$մհONS[k.D6Ð7otKAn.-G(F zƻ?܌D/9=fwƼ,0rݯV/>Yԝ3/0C)?.橸?=<-yZ|/txx{x>嗻v_%p߳Wo2X$kD€ABݣ9qxRn݂#" U` O!lT~k f#r&Hɑ]81^![Rau$Tb .{3XM v .ޭ9o17%{"_(o >RF ;&VJ$C,䉩dN;$,Y$3GNcJ5WD41"BH,9px)֪mAoނikBLxXЪL`{S3YAD1U7֚-&ٿW~t&ڱuQ#% $śCCu[sT(PO'߳耡{$_Hެ$ `8 % ko a@6 &!n@s.-鹃̩"iGR"89 i(®eN]z~,)O4V 2υDk\_cu> ?rkR4?M}zYuo=ChLulT(y>wť:rɳ(-}_//>,8t$)ޮ{ݷL3y(1yʐؼUx$"}gyki'z@0Ӕ'A4 a mv{ MDoIXo.ƑMts}$`"s `BPi <)E4)!̃Xsxc&p!qN)%q"+ d*% uVaaƇ2spwz8Bfקz:')% RQt~#i~?akT[O~sR_>/綞V/#[y,f7 GVxDd TrF0 s y"ōDrm  |?HɈ2);7tWw W7 7PY|wuO-賾ﯭV0,*ZۇqϭӰ;Ϗ鎙;ZƘڒ?u]_璣~xxZNjhγPӺ]?]9QiIÔOE9ZL'/ZFUSw (;O2 ;`0 ITuu==̇ҿV,@(2|PSuCJ]麆 4PL gtHtX̙A" #ԅ0&W e03Xظȣ 3;H1 9Ik},IDNU(QbN@XD's",DFdLK;̗yR62D0 Fxh*s`Yx5m%XLe~}Qa2n`工 j- gs@Z>aEr!_'*dN4ӧק?/LqD7siYC˜QZKiOLJ2yL^nBաf @\`ڶ~t#`NPz0n6ى"H# Y{0 -Xm*,H@2{Q}ǥ04J], ȾԷQڿ3af m309w dDVX7W'[ ja "X&F|=?anNL)SG曲G8Op{4-lF! LNd!tR7Hi +W/(0e)6 "X>}_˯_ޮ Vp=Q3twwW$.eZ_f.8=ɦ0M IpD76 ֺnֵ.1&8=Ӕ"%8bipՔL{u7"Ú\dvR$,b뺫"q0;OoE甂3@B22oI6J&`?ݾ" ["4 jӵU-Tf2!@hMH5.HA.=RJr/>( K SfÑ4)&옋覭4e3뭆[ CJ8Z[wG3 ""d1WUckV[)'.,"9rNz8KJ]B+L98!e:BpsGþey65:iWwSrZя3QԪR=HAGc,LrjKmk酃eA[!4]_iK扉m]{צ-uSs\nw]'NDM%`3("uHJÜʑDxL|蜙S,(yzYMO|8|%Diocι۾|emr:Q.hm jуDܜDYsn1B9;aiQJRQ8`Z2"]]M??2yZ98 ?k'" R"#weΉXXpc A \9D~~[Dt#<7ۚH`b1?\GpHg MEHRhWNJN%<ݪD"r5cPg2a^JdI`HS˿N/n:`qmqJsbf]@E]ydmV*LS~caMީj^Pg z K-8f4akZBy ||5ڄ(sKBJۮAٔ1EGp{PR:y^ۥC0&⧊jmHfnU;FZdК^^]yvB ŀ\vnڙԢA8D"azzNyr/GڄB^2Rm^ϯ ||<>G}-܊$/lmzQ8K6wgWbl-| D|9/?ܗCR7iNGGSX$uwM_?q9"wp_c%)%}s QPp6SP1NdJDWUġAܺDReww):Oi1k걫 8/yf%,u[&\V50oSnw03% @!ĎdBI},LSbr3()YR0#CV{S.N qodk諜AD2aNL9@M? AyV'>)DD#cW65gĔtK#&=}qwCRHS~j뽪Uf/{[U9i^J avWJY{ U{oEd|E=5o)oٙ46g8V%~@\Rɴݬ޶Kmzު&Q{/$T?rxx$m{/I/ZgC*%%\uݱw?ћrvY3sO(iJ|;.) MUIDt(s`TAxW۶/k~OP3MsV''ID1apxNn|c; 'ɬ) @b!p0Qєn$8P{#"$h!IF} ij߾pޱ1x>s(,=s+;`3 xd4wJ /xw-ȀfCءwSpTvc)8- !MLJ7ifHYĝL!AU-P,`(8{k=Q=~7.S=Sʩ,3jOr=?/?4ki~E%KTg!3eߞUy*qdu)ozL q 9A[Su9yaҪWFI8;Jcӂة>xE\1*)3"#,)U&ղn*<~RxV1D$-F":sS]X5oU_NB$!HpopbםQAUH3L@'R:8'>_ϛvi7Ti`lw,Q: ƀS 0I(rJAo@I0{1A+K PKґ:jY,K$( q4Qu?vӑkU[q=_~cCu݅\/-LOl n6`VPނ³O 'gAMAaLA cHRMz%RX:oZgIDATx{W}O쮴"DI~DZHI8vlHUW 1)c SvT 1B`a#a ҲݙC@HnNy{{sޞsOx̏k0o sG0w sG0w sG0w sG0w sG0w sG0wju]5T{t GCv_nx|L5V_?ڿsJIl*ѨCoǛ Mo=?:zlՙo`m=N;/h<4)~o4JVOΚR$8XRCՏU;7h_{ֿ^?ڇO?~U=zqj\۫ߙҹV?R'@Mcy4;{^]?8&07ض;U/؀[iz.7V8z~M|݂.6VGk:!VA~|˚/~:`XVVW{ęڵkW8}G/75'˫gUϫ.>ItXU0DMGv zSp=g++IAN6ԷS9|Ɍ0\IVƝ4WϩdӏOeOxX/y٭ rrX^Yhu&hVpWk^{ucw{`kՏW|zb #व6K=gq?t]Z9qՏUy_˪U |'յqԩl}jk?~{巚lھlX7?pRWzm{G5~=Au'q43[n~w%xh>Â=A6.NF&K`^ln6U7twGط۶TuDѾR|eyS $N*j4Z[n˯o;{ۖ..u8:pdhpm`@_˫_Z=:po>[jmԶڷun^oﲻyש- lZYu>8܁#k6hqqmCLV܀ܭ,Vo% iꍆ|'h\{~{i;:=wg;`p)K9}O眾ouuo<__sK^yC^}`I!SqC_^식rV/w5 (Q{\z\ 5Z?>zRgs^>q[ZZ/fToV?c?^Z&ax諫a7j8+{'///|]^ &M3_ut|z>tQ_}~#ƏEW{ǟ_V C? 3]6)iP=Ɍd[tpm]Z_ze8~Kۯag?_좫vi;zß|tZQo_ux4SvƎTyO~.a=ۖz:k}qNy46=}s'qŅ//:kxHۖZ][CG,,{ۖ:b:2ZjlieVV[Z\~L[fPM՚e/j2sEA >6=K`'A5[Ըq 4Y{hiqNY4\V opa?NǫON潛,[5 Z^X'Vޟc.'>۱Qꫪ}3﫪ﻝ7)0Dzլ쮰]ʶ?Տ3X)7&Ǵǰ02<wduxhmzWY?~eZGVZ^hl)]=eն'7$CDWq{iG@w۽3vAw =eϮ]vpwgj7]=eyή?pѨuSj!g{;p­zƽN}z}=laab/6Z86XX藟Z[kqi`Л[\VܽU-:[ZcscgS`,Pjawv-Lp˖Yņ[4X9s8N^&KU}}==Y^)״83'NC+Agu1/x}{vdd?ct͔Rխ̚%jЗ~s^MAVֲ1-[tp"m]Z_9UFmiؖA#HPqm.e}ϏGW6#{p[.lF`@#;n#\뺕Yqmo]S> @;Vo )]Ϭ @༟̚[VK%ߋVfM- p)TuY՟;eWuޔkT۠13?2w cm==k 诫\>~zJ&-5 g\hzOk˿{&{~ ｰzAuV8l^[z j[Snê?\} fz~ Ad;eE'^\Y xl͍ep ji3[o^>6=3hZ5y18n2K)kkw5Y&kߋj2{hĨU}lF !?>=庿UVV>\TZ}~mZ~ɞ)P=[k5=Rnym|Quc#jD --4 3}OW?^Q-kU:C]wj?ar[^=~%gϡ&1ZDǷGed G7ͨU/6Y&3 FM}Zɞ \UdYWTzci- uG"NOn2KC3<Ǒpmz$yyyў$aZ9sz]$8Oɜl^[ysvMOk4lya>~u)_)s8?6=wcuս\ջms4Ϭ _WOg̨SϬQ-7?mSz&m˛g1KzWcO$+C]!_7{>ͺ{7>/?76r~3<;zgK/^]X!HpopbםQAUH3L@'R:8'>_ϛvi7Ti`lw,Q: ƀS 0I(rJAo@I0{1A+K PKґ:jY,K$( q4Qu?vӑkU[q=_~cCu݅\/-LOl n6`VPނ³O 'gAMAaLA cHRMz%RX:oZIDATx{dWao쮴J/ ;8 @*MR& c&T%qG1@0p0N 8@,0@m@LOncݙ|fzs=q~}9NMuw| GX˚uβ]:x 8 NоVl~@ @  @@ @ @ @  @ @@ 7Tjus5T{T pgMӏ_vo>ՍՃǰ廠DijWgV;8/ͨC?vS^oN?2òU>~U=zij:\۫_ѱV_ON9ˣQy]uhlkY VṝY]M2tuzVq^&ass]~ƃAĭիXbM}-jTIi9ϛKkzpBk :kt=={W|]Tl9W2(xO;9D~c1N2A]wx?~uUr | U}/\G??=B'7[/+ꭷw#҇/v-?7̩gWem2 3>A&#ƚnQpٺ}u_W]߽ԣ?үv;z|ktZQovx4ӷvkTcOW]uJ{-2r_ZRu4^2gpNOi5qŅ//:kvHۖZ][CG,,{ۖ:b2W;m;VVcey|N fuKscw0Js p8laP-. ZZ\ldbÅq8hx-iB]|@aՏ}Z}zοjǽ-GP|_S}]lH ;Yy]tՓ4hO,7O[=NO^6ru_M+x\kVFG㎬[[MյqGۯZ][ZnKg\yVpuee uOV_-~zq>{{[gﱳã[{Y;]=]spǞwgzwz]=m wn9pѨU3.u:GV :?܇ݯhup`a{ŵҰ`7=54{Z.u0jt[n>52s)-pW jap˖w li0]o8NaKK5]pqpyg >±ϸL!ij͡啰ȽөmT=zʽQnc7mϸO;ps/S}̰qcT7qדP:9=z7;P7kՋf|wg9_E++NkqeuxllCpǪþo^9sz1Cs .vCj2JW6Y1Sվu~-ywGM{^3.W6OWO=.C9jsML)(/4mv;{ W1}C~IpR[h2'P۪V?Z`uvt5Y Y;ͱ?vVϪdsɻ_iǚJUmr`Ms*꧚ u;ˣ&ޗ?jrO<}8}IM˸-xc_ M4,^ɻ14u~=zq쿥IuDCBA@?: = 6F0G0>J  qK"vL#%%A@() 3V89:($ ',(. - /+7EHI+*210%4IM/NO+PQ.R&!STr$M-*chHHir$|ka@O+8kii2$<֧(V$b$ǰ}ճa%/@($$b$O&na+zOWC$$b$pD%ciʠ#ՙvU 0AA fff3f!3f@8g4KdKd,8F2 0t6ppp@  g4SdSdTgF2 0p@ pp<4BdBd 0P+F<4!d!d 0P+Fʚ;ʚ;<4dddd 09___PPT10 pp6___PPT9f/ 0J2? %O =<Fz-squared: the origin and use of $n#T- or - what I wish I had been told about statistics (but had to work out for myself)UUff}UOutlineNWhat is the point of statistics? Linguistic alternation experiments How inferential statistics works Introducing z tests Two types (single-sample and two-sample) How these tests are related to  Comparing experiments and  effect size Swing and  skew Low frequency events and small samples !DK(*!D  K(*/ What is the point of statistics?Analyse data you already have corpus linguistics Design new experiments collect new data, add annotation experimental linguistics in the lab Try new methods pose the right question We are going to focus on z and  testsE(E  H* What is the point of statistics?Analyse data you already have corpus linguistics Design new experiments collect new data, add annotation experimental linguistics in the lab Try new methods pose the right question We are going to focus on z and  testsE(E  sNDWhat is  inferential statistics ?6#  *Suppose we carry out an experiment We toss a coin 10 times and get 5 heads How confident are we in the results? Suppose we repeat the experiment Will we get the same result again? Inferential statistics is a method of inferring the behaviour of future  ghost experiments from one experiment Infer from the sample to the population Let us consider one type of experiment Linguistic alternation experiments#MDp('##(%D&    +     " ' .Alternation experimentsImagine a speaker forming a sentence as a series of decisions/choices. They can add: choose to extend a phrase or clause, or stop select: choose between constructions Choices will be constrained grammatically semanticallypPWP/I+Alternation experiments:Imagine a speaker forming a sentence as a series of decisions/choices. They can add: choose to extend a phrase or clause, or stop select: choose between constructions Choices will be constrained grammatically semantically Research question: within these constraints, what factors influence the particular choice?PWHP/H 6Alternation experimentsLaboratory experiment (cued) pose the choice to subjects observe the one they make manipulate different potential influences Observational experiment (uncued) observe the choices speakers make when they make them (e.g. in a corpus) extract data for different potential influences sociolinguistic: subdivide data by genre, etc lexical/grammatical: subdivide data by elements in surrounding contextc"yucf f"/u 0Statistical assumptionsA random sample taken from the population Not always easy to achieve multiple cases from the same text and speakers, etc may be limited historical data available Be careful with data concentrated in a few texts The sample is tiny compared to the population This is easy to satisfy in linguistics! Repeated sampling tends to form a Binomial distribution This requires slightly more explanation...B*]1.(8+ffff]f0fffffff'  ff "  !  !  !+  !7 The Binomial distributionaRepeated sampling tends to form a Binomial distribution We toss a coin 10 times, and get 5 heads:H8*"!!!*!8(The Binomial distribution:Repeated sampling tends to form a Binomial distribution r8"!!!! 9'The Binomial distribution7Repeated sampling tends to form a Binomial distribution08"!!!:&The Binomial distribution7Repeated sampling tends to form a Binomial distribution08"!!!;%The Binomial distribution7Repeated sampling tends to form a Binomial distribution08"!!!<$The Binomial distribution7Repeated sampling tends to form a Binomial distribution08"!!!=#The Binomial distribution7Repeated sampling tends to form a Binomial distribution08"!!!>""Binomial Normal$ XThe Binomial (discrete) distribution tends to match the Normal (continuous) distribution6Y,?!The central limit theoremVAny Normal distribution can be defined by only two variables and the Normal function z8W/#G)The central limit theoremVAny Normal distribution can be defined by only two variables and the Normal function z0W/#K-The single-sample z test...6nIs an observation > z standard deviations from the expected population mean? If yes, the result is significantVM"8f fN.F...gives us a  confidence interval = P z . s is the confidence interval for P Enough for a test, 3f VF...gives us a  confidence interval L P z . s is the confidence interval for P But we need the interval about p,! 3fWF...gives us a  confidence interval :The interval about p is called the Wilson score interval ^:XF...gives us a  confidence interval 9The interval about p is called the Wilson score interval ^9\7Plotting confidence intervalsE.g. Plot the probability of adding successive attributive adjectives to a NP in ICE-GB You can easily see that the first two falls are significant, but the last is not&XQXQL,A simple experimentTConsider two binary variables, A and B Each one is subdivided: A = {a, a} e.g. NP has AJP? {yes, no} B = {b, b} e.g. Speaker gender {male, female} Does B  affect A? We perform an experiment (or sample a corpus) We find 45 cases (NPs) classified by A and B (left) This is a  contingency table (ZZVZZ.ZSZ!f!!!!!!!!!!!ffffff!ffffff !.&!f&gAA simple experiment Consider two binary variables, A and B Each one is subdivided: A = {a, a} e.g. NP has AJP? {yes, no} B = {b, b} e.g. Speaker gender {male, female} Does B  affect A? We perform an experiment (or sample a corpus) We find 45 cases (NPs) classified by A and B (left) This is a  contingency table Q1. Does B cause a to differ from A? Does speaker gender affect decision to include an AJP?v(ZZVZZ.ZSZ%0Z270Z!f!!!!!!!!!!!ffffff!ffffff !.&   !   f&   f  f  f  f  !  f  !  f    f    !  hD Does B cause a to differ from A?J!tCompare column 1 (a) and column 3 (A) Probability of picking b at random (gender = male) p(b) = 25/45 = 5/9 = 0.556&4!!f ffP/ Does B cause a to differ from A?J!Compare column 1 (a) and column 3 (A) Probability of picking b at random (gender = male) p(b) = 25/45 = 5/9 = 0.556 Next, examine a (has AJP) New probability of picking b p(b | a) = 20/30 = 2/3 = 0.667 Confidence interval for p(b | a) population standard deviation s = p(b)(1 p(b))/n = (5/9 4/9) / 30 p z.s = (0.489, 0.845)&4!a!!f ff   !  ! ff!f! 3f3ff3f3ff3f3f3f3f3f3f3f3f3f3f3f3f3f3f 3f3f/iB Does B cause a to differ from A?J!Compare column 1 (a) and column 3 (A) Probability of picking b at random (gender = male) p(b) = 25/45 = 5/9 = 0.556 Next, examine a (has AJP) New probability of picking b p(b | a) = 20/30 = 2/3 = 0.667 Confidence interval for p(b) population standard deviation s = p(b)(1 p(b))/n = (5/9 4/9) / 30 p z.s = (0.378, 0.733) Not significant: p(b | a) is inside c.i. for p(b)&4a2!!f ff   !  ! ff!f 3f3ff3f3ff3f3f3f3f3f3f3f3f3f3f3f3f3f3f 3f3ffff!fb-#Q0Visualising this testJConfidence interval for p(b) P = expected value E = expected distribution.f0S1The single-sample z test6 LCompares an observation with a given value We used it to compare p(b | a) with p(b) This is a  goodness of fit test Identical to a standard 21  test No need to test p(b | a) with p(b) Note that p(b) is given All of the variation is assumed to be in the estimation of p(b | a) Could also compare p(b | a) (no AJP) with p(b) Q2. Does B cause a to differ from a? Does speaker gender affect presence / absence of AJP?+u& 260Z+f!f  ff!ff f<f!f! !fffff!f!!f    f    !    fT2%z test for 2 independent proportions.&#Method: combine observed values take the difference (subtract) |p1  p2| calculate an  averaged confidence interval U-V3%z test for 2 independent proportions.&#New confidence interval D = |O1  O2| standard deviation s' = p(1  p) (1/n1 +1/n2) p = p(b) = 25/45 = 5/9 compare z.s' with x = |p1  p2|"&i   3f3f3f3f3f3f3f3f3f3f 3f3f3f 3f3ff3f3fX4!Does B cause a to differ from a?V"lCompare column 1 (a) and column 2 (a) Probabilities (speaker gender = male) p(b | a) = 20/30 = 2/3 = 0.667 p(b | a) = 5/15 = 1/3 = 0.333 Confidence interval pooled probability estimate p = p(b) = 5/9 = 0.556 standard deviation s' = p(1  p) (1/n1 + 1/n2) = (5/9 4/9) (1/30 + 1/15) z.s' = 0.308t'&?!!!ff!f!!           f        3f  3f  3f  3f  3f   3f  3f   3f  3f 3f 3f 3f 3f  3f 3f 3f 3f  3f  3f 3f 3f 3f 3f 3f 3f 3f 3f 3f 3f 3f 3f 3f 3f 3f 3f 3f 3f        3f  3f    3f  3f* jE!Does B cause a to differ from a?V"Compare column 1 (a) and column 2 (a) Probabilities (speaker gender = male) p(b | a) = 20/30 = 2/3 = 0.667 p(b | a) = 5/15 = 1/3 = 0.333 Confidence interval pooled probability estimate p = p(b) = 5/9 = 0.556 standard deviation s' = p(1  p) (1/n1 + 1/n2) = (5/9 4/9) (1/30 + 1/15) z.s' = 0.308 Significant: |p(b | a)  p(b | a)| > z.s'&'&?+!!!ff!f!!           f        3f  3f  3f  3f  3f   3f  3f   3f  3f 3f 3f 3f 3f  3f 3f 3f 3f  3f  3f 3f 3f 3f 3f 3f 3f 3f 3f 3f 3f 3f 3f 3f 3f 3f 3f 3f 3f        3f  3f    3f  3f fff!f!!3f3f*5Y5%z test for 2 independent proportions.&#Identical to a standard 22  test So you can use the usual method!`$! fff f fkF%z test for 2 independent proportions.&#Identical to a standard 22  test So you can use the usual method! BUT: these tests have different purposes 21 goodness of fit compares single value a with superset A assumes only a varies 22 test compares two values a, a within a set A both values may vary$!)=2 fff f!f)!!!     !   !  !    !  lG%z test for 2 independent proportions.&#2Identical to a standard 22  test So you can use the usual method! BUT: these tests have different purposes 21 goodness of fit compares single value a with superset A assumes only a varies 22 test compares two values a, a within a set A both values may vary Q: Do we need ?($!)=2 2 fff f f)!!!     !   !  !    !  ff]8Larger  tests is popular because it can be applied to contingency tables with many values r 1 goodness of fit  tests (r 2) r c  tests for homogeneity (r,c 2) z tests have 1 degree of freedom strength: significance is due to only one source strength: easy to plot values and confidence intervals weakness: multiple values may be unavoidable With larger  tests, evaluate and simplify: Examine  contributions for each row or column Focus on alternation - try to test for a speaker choice@OS"-hCf fffffffffffffffffffffffffff ffffff)ffff/ffff$ff-fa  f  f^9How big is the effect?These tests do not measure the strength of the interaction between two variables They test whether the strength of an interaction is greater than would be expected by chance With lots of data, a tiny change would be significant`Q]6 ?< 6wPHow big is the effect?These tests do not measure the strength of the interaction between two variables They test whether the strength of an interaction is greater than would be expected by chance With lots of data, a tiny change would be significant Don t use , p or z values to compare two different experiments A result significant at p<0.01 is not  better than one significant at p<0.05TQ]6AN ?< 6 !!!!!!-!  !  !  !  !  !!  !  !  !xOHow big is the effect?These tests do not measure the strength of the interaction between two variables They test whether the strength of an interaction is greater than would be expected by chance With lots of data, a tiny change would be significant Don t use , p or z values to compare two different experiments A result significant at p<0.01 is not  better than one significant at p<0.05 There are a number of ways of measuring  association strength or  effect size zQ]6ANP ?< 6 !!!!!!-!  !  !  !  !  !!  !  !  !  !PfmHPercentage swingCompare probabilities of a DV value (a, AJP) across a change in the IV (gender): swing d = p(a | b)  p(a | b) = 10/20  20/25 = -0.3 Q6$!!!f3f3f3f3f!ff3f!f3fnJPercentage swingCompare probabilities of a DV value (a, AJP) across a change in the IV (gender): swing d = p(a | b)  p(a | b) = 10/20  20/25 = -0.3 As a proportion of the initial value % swing d % = d/p(a | b) = -0.3/0.8Q6%$$!!!f3f3f3f3f!ff3f!f3f$3f3f3f 3f 3f3f3f!f 3foIPercentage swingCompare probabilities of a DV value (a, AJP) across a change in the IV (gender): swing d = p(a | b)  p(a | b) = 10/20  20/25 = -0.3 As a proportion of the initial value % swing d % = d/p(a | b) = -37.5% We can even calculate confidence intervals on d or d % Use z test for two independent proportions (we are comparing differences in p values)nQ6%"7W$!!!f3f3f3f3f!ff3f!f3f$3f3f3f 3f 3f3f3f!f 3f3f.3f3f 3f 3f      F   pKCramr s Can be used on any  table Mathematically well defined Probabilistic (c.f. swing d e [-1, +1], d % = ?) f = 0 no relationship between A and B f = 1 B strictly determines A straight line between these two extremesMq63f3f3f3f3f 3f 3f3f3f3f3f!f3f3ff!){SCramr s Can be used on any  table Mathematically well defined Probabilistic (c.f. swing d e [-1, +1], d % = ?) f = 0 no relationship between A and B f = 1 B strictly determines A straight line between these two extremesNq73f3f3f3f3f 3f 3f3f3f3f3f!f3f3ff!)yRCramr s `Can be used on any  table Mathematically well defined Probabilistic (c.f. swing d e [-1, +1], d % = ?) f = 0 no relationship between A and B f = 1 B strictly determines A straight line between these two extremes Based on  f = /N (22) N = grand total fc = /(k  1)N (r c ) k = min(r, c)|Nq J73f3f3f3f3f 3f 3f3f3f3f3f!f3f3ff!)  3f  3f  3f            3f 3f  3f  3f  3f  3f                       zQCramr s \Can be used on any  table Mathematically well defined Probabilistic (c.f. swing d e [-1, +1], d % = ?) f = 0 no relationship between A and B f = 1 B strictly determines A straight line between these two extremes Based on  f = /N (22) N = grand total fc = /(k  1)N (r c ) k = min(r, c) Can be used for r 1 goodness of fit tests Recalibrate using methods in Wallis (2012) Better indicator than percentage swingMq J-R63f3f3f3f3f 3f 3f3f3f3f3f!f3f3ff!)  3f  3f  3f            3f 3f  3f  3f  3f  3f                        Ra<Significantly better?lSuppose we have two similar experiments How do we test if one result is significantly stronger than another?:(E( |TSignificantly better?Suppose we have two similar experiments How do we test if one result is significantly stronger than another? Test swings Use z test for two samples from different populations Use s' = s12 + s22 Test |d1(a)  d2(a)| > z.s'T(Ev( 33f3f3f3f 3f 3f3f3f 3f 3f3f 3f3f!3f3f 3f3f!3f3f3frMBModern improvements on z and  6"d Continuity correction for small n Yates 2 testh$"3f3f3f3f 3f3fYBModern improvements on z and  6" Continuity correction for small n Yates 2 test Wilson s score interval The correct formula for intervals on p$'"3f3f3f3f 3f3fff$ffZBModern improvements on z and  6" Continuity correction for small n Yates 2 test  can be used elsewhere Wilson s score interval The correct formula for intervals on p Newcombe (1998) improves on 22  test Uses the Wilson interval Better than  and log-likelihood (etc.) for low-frequency events$''(["3f3f3f3f 3f3fff$ffffff f[  fc> ConclusionsFThe basic idea of all of these tests is Predict future results if experiment were repeated  Significant = effect > 0 (e.g. 19 times out of 20) Based on the Binomial distribution Approximated by Normal distribution  many uses Plotting confidence intervals Use goodness of fit or single-sample z tests to compare a sample, a, with a point it is dependent on, A Use 22 tests or two independent sample z tests to compare two observed samples (a, a) When using larger r c tests, simplify as far as possible to identify the source of variation! )35#0@f ff3f5f  ff   ff  ff0ff"ffffffffff ffff!"ff!ffffffffffffff ff'ff!ffff!!ffffff ffffffffffff%ffd? ConclusionsTwo methods for measuring the  size of an experimental effect Simple idea, easy to report absolute or percentage swing More reliable, but possibly less intuitive Cramr s  You can compare two experiments Is absolute swing significantly greater? Use a type of z test! A similar approach is possible with  Take care with small samples / low frequencies Use Wilson and Newcombe s methods instead!R?+ !f/+?fff+f f  f  f  ffffff f+f/ff+ffs e@ ReferencesNewcombe, R.G. 1998. Interval estimation for the difference between independent proportions: comparison of eleven methods. Statistics in Medicine 17: 873-890 Wallis, S.A. 2009. Binomial distributions, probability and Wilson s confidence interval. London: Survey of English Usage Wallis, S.A. 2010. z-squared: The origin and use of . London: Survey of English Usage Wallis, S.A. 2012. Goodness of fit measures for discrete categorical data. London: Survey of English Usage Wilson, E.B. 1927. Probable inference, the law of succession, and statistical inference. Journal of the American Statistical Association 22: 209-212 Assorted statistical tests: www.ucl.ac.uk/english-usage/staff/sean/resources/2x2chisq.xlspP0P2>P{ffffDffff6|/ ff>ff/L 1@ A B C D EFJMORUWtuv   0` ̙33` ` ff3333f` 333MMM` f` f` 3>?" dd@"3f~?" dd@%  " @ ` n?" dd@   @@``PR    @ ` `p>>  (  d   <@d0`X   0A?  6F  F T Click to edit Master title style! !  0F   F RClick to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level!     S  0F `` F >*  0ԣF `  F @*  0F `  F @*T   C ,AMidBlue90DH  0޽h ? ̙33 Default Design  0 OGP (  @@ \X \ 0A? \ 6  p  T Click to edit Master title style! ! \ 0  `    W#Click to edit Master subtitle style$ $ \ 0 ``  >* \ 0, `   @* \ 0*F `   @*X  \ C 0A MidBlue10240H \ 0޽h ? ̙33 0 zr0  (  s    0d P    P*    0h     R*  d  c $ ?    0$!  @  RClick to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level!     S  6r `P   P*    68w `   R*  H  0޽h ? ̙3380___PPT10.pN| 0 @A(  l  C T'\   l  C (\`    !  00 0 QSean Wallis Survey of English Usage University College London s.wallis@ucl.ac.uk2R(2 3?H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +a  0 `( ̙33 l  C H   l  C (   H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +  0 p T( x  l  C      C ` <$ 0  PH  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +  0   (  r  S l     S XF` <$ 0  P  0p0`p Nexperimental science(2f  000 7} 2<f  00` Oobservational science(2f  0pV0 7} 2<f  0 | 0`6  Ophilosophy of science(2f   0 0p  7} 2<f   0& 0`  Ha little maths(2f   06 0  7} 2<fH  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +'  0  P(  r  S _  _   S _<$ 0 _ H  0޽h ? ̙33___PPT10..ZD+} <Dw' = @B D2' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D' =%(DM' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*#%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*#K%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*Kp%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*p%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*%(D' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*$%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*$L%(D' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*Ls%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*s%(+8+0+0 +  0 $D(  l  C )_  _   C  "_ <$ 0 _ H  0޽h ? ̙33 | ___PPT10\ .+} <D ' = @B D ' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +Ds' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*P%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*P%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*%(Ds' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*%(+8+0+0 +  0 F>( 0_ $dB $@ <Do @ dB $@ <Do @ dB $ <Do@ P` ^B $ 6Do@ P` ^B $ 6Do P@ r $ S 3_  _  $ S 4_ <$ 0 _ R2  $ s *0 R2  $ s * `P R2  $ s * p R2  $ s *0  R2  $ s * 0p R2 $ s *0  R2 $ s * pP H $ 0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +[  0 pPD( P l  C A_  _   C B_ <$ 0 _ H  0޽h ? ̙33OG___PPT10'.+} <D' = @B D' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D ' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*;%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*;U%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*U%(D' =%(DM' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*J%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*J%(+8+0+0 +  0 P( w r  S p_  _   S x_'<$ 0 _ H  0޽h ? ̙33___PPT10.+} <Dw' = @B D2' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D' =%(DM' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<**%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<**E%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*Ey%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*y%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*%(D' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*)%(D' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*)a%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*a%(+8+0+0 +   0 $$( Ow@ r  S _  _   S _<$ 0 _ @  C $ LB  c $DLB  c $D  6`_q 5F  0P_ 0 @  ?N = 1 2  0y_| 3xF (  (   0_   55(2 ! 0$_  53(2 " 08_o 51(2 # 0_-  57(2 $ 0 _N( 59(2H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +   0 D( 07 r  S Ժ_  _   S ܻ_0<$ 0 _ @  C $ @  C  @ @ C $ LB  c $DLB  c $D   6_ q 5F   0_ 0 @  ?N = 4 2   0t_| 3xF (  (  0_   55(2  0p_  53(2  0$_o 51(2  0_-  57(2  0_N( 59(2H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +   0 ( 0 r  S _  _   S _0<$ 0 _ @  C  @  C  @  C $ @ @ C 4 LB  c $DLB   c $D   6_ q 5F   0_ 0 @  ?N = 8 2  0_| 3xF (  (  0_   55(2  0_  53(2  0zo 51(2  08z-  57(2  0zN( 59(2H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +    0 E = ( 0P r  S z  z   S z 0<$ 0 z @  C T @  C  @  C  @ @ C T '@ @ C  LB   c $DLB   c $D   6z q 5F  0z 0 @  @N = 12 2  0z| 3xF (  (  0H#z   55(2  0%z  53(2  0+zo 51(2  0`/z-  57(2  0(3zN( 59(2H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +f    0    ( " r  S ;z  z   S ;z0<$ 0 z @  C   @  C  @  C T @ @ C 'C@ @ C  '@  @ C  LB  c $DLB  c $D  6h@z q 5F  0XEz 0 @  @N = 16 2  0@Iz| 3xF (  (  0Mz   55(2  0LB  c $DLB  c $D  0,z| 3x  6zq 5Fy8 ( (  0z   55(2  0z  53(2  0zo 51(2  0z-  57(2  0lzN( 59(2H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +R  0 yqP#6 ( 0H r  S 0z  z   S 8z0<$ 0 z @  C ~@  C   @  C  @  C  @ @ C ~'C@  @ C  '@  @ C  *   BC]DELF$3fjJ]?g!6Ge @FdUnF0?@      S" H>LB  c $DLB  c $DLB  c $D^ ^  LB  c $D   6(zD )  Uz . s43fRB  s *D" \ " LB  c $D    6zD   Uz . s43fRB  s *D" e "   60zq 5F^B " 6D08 X  ( 0X) c  3With more data in the experiment, s will be smaller<4  2"3f ,, ) 0,b:n 3p + 6 &  70.5(2 , 6&a  70.3(2 - 6@*; 70.1(2 . 6. e 70.7(2 0 03"`  |"Divide by 10 for probability scale,#  2" ,, 1 0La < 2 population mean x = PbXB 2 0DP x 3 0xa 'z P standard deviation s = P(1  P) / n)3f3f3f3f3f3f3f3f3frF c 4 g: 5 0acE L.3f3f`B 6 0D3fz!!H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +  0 !`)9(  r  S D     S E0<$ 0  @  C ~@  C   @  C  @  C  @ @ C ~'C@  @ C  '@  @ C  *    BC]DELF$3fjJ]?g!6Ge @FdUnF0?@      S" H>LB   c $DLB   c $DLB  c $D^ ^  LB  c $D   6|KD )  Uz . s43fRB  s *D" \ " LB  c $D    6 RD   Uz . s43fRB  s *D" e "   6Wq 5FRB  s *D!| -RB @ s *D!|   C X\t Vj  82.5%!  C `t j  82.5%!  0e < 2 population mean x = PbXB  0DP ^B ! 6D08 X  " 0l $  >95% of the curve is within ~2 standard deviations of the mean D?  2  ,, $ 00q    (the correct figure is 1.95996!)D!( 2,,x % 0} 'z P standard deviation s = P(1  P) / n)3f3f3f3f3f3f3f3f3frF c & g: ' 0cE L.3f3f`B ( 0D3fz!! * 0b:n 3p + 04 &  70.5(2 , 0Ha  70.3(2 - 0; 70.1(2 . 0P e 70.7(2 0 C  "  795%!dB 7 <D!H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +v  0 p"50-(  0r 0 S     0 S 豩0<$ 0  @ 0 C ~@ 0 C   @ 0 C  @ 0 C  @ 0@ C ~'C@  0@ C  '@  0@ C  *  0  BC]DELF$3fjJ]?g!6Ge @FdUnF0?@      S" H>LB  0 c $DLB  0 c $DRB 0 s *D^ ^  LB 0 c $D  0 6ط0D )  Uz . s43fRB 0 s *D" \ " LB 0 c $D   0 6h0D   Uz . s43fRB 0 s *D" e "  0 6é0q 5FRB 0 s *D!| -RB 0@ s *D!|  #0 0ȩ Z k  9P +0 C ̩t Vj  90.25%! ,0 C $ѩt j  90.25%! .0 0թb:n 3p /0 0٩ &  70.5(2 00 0Dީa  70.3(2 10 0; 70.1(2 20 0T e 70.7(2dB 30 <DjJSSdB 40 <DԔSSL 50 <Tc% # b observation p8 H 0 0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +  0 $/8Y(  8r 8 S     8 S 0<$ 0  @ 8 C ~@ 8 C   @ 8 C  @ 8 C  @ 8@ C ~'C@  8@ C  '@  8@ C    8  BC]DELF$3fjJ]?g!6Ge @FdUnF0?@      H>LB  8 c $DLB  8 c $DRB 8 s *D^ ^  LB 8 c $D  8 68D )  Uz . s43fRB 8 s *D" \ " LB 8 c $D   8 608D   Uz . s43fRB 8 s *D" e "  8 68q 5FRB 8 s *D!| -RB 8@ s *D!|  8 0d Z k  9PF LO  8 l ofB !8 6D3foLOfB "8 6D3foLOfB #8 6D3foXB $8 0D^ ^ $ &8 C t Vj  90.25%! '8 C t j  90.25%! (8 0Pb:n 3p )8 0 &  70.5(2 *8 0D$a  70.3(2 +8 0(; 70.1(2 ,8 0, e 70.7(2H 8 0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +  0 (.g(  x  c $T>     c $a0<$ 0  @  C ~@  C   @  C  @  C  @ @ C ~'C@  @ C  '@  @ C     3 BC]DELF$3fjJ]?g!6Ge @FdUnF0?@      H>LB   c $DLB   c $DRB  s *D^ ^  RB  s *D) XB  0DE HE RB  s *D)     <a~   Dw+& XB  0DE H E   6uaq 5FRB  s *D!RB @ s *D!G #   0 Z k  9PF LO  l ofB  6D3foLOfB  6D3foLOfB  6D3foXB   0D^ ^ $ ! C 4- d# 90.25%! " C 8.D D: 90.25%! # 0Ab:n 3p $ 0\L &  70.5(2 % 0@Sa  70.3(2 & 0]; 70.1(2 ' 0g e 70.7(2dB ( <DjJSSdB ) <DԔTSS * <(+8  b observation p8 B ,  B"ClDELF$jJD( DqQ"} V *T :  .l~0"D@      "< ~  . 6P.z t  Fw & H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +*  0 QI**(  x  c $h     c $ 0<$ 0  @  C ~@  C   @  C  @  C  @ @ C ~'C@  @ C  '@  @ C     3 BC]DELF$3fjJ]?g!6Ge @FdUnF0?@      H>LB   c $DLB   c $DRB  s *D^ ^  LB  c $D) RB  s *DE HE LB  c $D)     6L~   Dw+& RB  s *DE H E   6< q 5FRB  s *D!RB @ s *D!G #   0a Z k  9PF LO  l ofB  6D3foLOfB  6D3foLOfB  6D3foXB  0D^ ^ $  C - d# 90.25%!  C aD D: 90.25%!  0Lb:n 3p   0 &  70.5(2 ! 0Fa  70.3(2 " 0PF; 70.1(2 # 0 e 70.7(2dB $ <DjJSSdB % <DԔTSS & <؟8  b observation p8 B '  B"ClDELF$jJD( DqQ"} V *T :  .l~0"D@      "< ~  ( 6ȫ(z t  Fw &  ) 01 ?  This interval is asymmetric It reflects the Normal interval about P: If P is at the upper limit of p, p is at the lower limit of PE!>! &8Rll * 0I D(Wilson, 1927)(2H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +  0 --(  x  c $XC     c $`0<$ 0  @  C ~@  C   @  C  @  C  @ @ C ~'C@  @ C  '@  @ C     3 BC]DELF$3fjJ]?g!6Ge @FdUnF0?@      H>LB   c $DLB   c $DRB  s *D^ ^  LB  c $D) RB  s *DE HE LB  c $D)     6~   Dw+& RB  s *DE H E   6Tq 5FRB  s *D!RB @ s *D!G #   0އ Z k  9PF LO  l ofB  6D3foLOfB  6D3foLOfB  6D3foXB  0D^ ^ $  C 8- d# 90.25%!  C (D D: 90.25%!  0@b:n 3p   0 &  70.5(2 ! 0,a  70.3(2 " 0,; 70.1(2 # 0D e 70.7(2dB $ <DjJSSdB % <DԔTSS & <8  b observation p8 B '  B"ClDELF$jJD( DqQ"} V *T :  .l~0"D@      "< ~  ( 6T(z t  Fw & ^ ) 0_1  bTo calculate w and w+ we use this formula: j2! 8Rll^ + 6p * c &A ??"?<   ^ , 6   - 0HȐ D(Wilson, 1927)(2H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +  0 >$(  $dB l <D 1 1 h dB ?l <D H $ 0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +  0 ,T( w ,l , C     , C ̚1 <$ 0  PH , 0޽h ? ̙33___PPT10.+FD.' = @B D' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D' =%(DM' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*,(%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*,(A%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*,Ah%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*,h%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*,%(Ds' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*,%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*, %(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*, +%(+8+0+,0 +=   0 d\(  R  s *$^ r  S      S 1<$ 0  P  6Ho)U  ., a a S b 20 5 25 b 10 10 20 S 30 15 45-!!ff f 9F /_   &C lB  <Do_ lB  <Douu_ lB   <Do//_ dB   <DoT QT dB   <DoY TY dB   <Dos Ts    0Ia0 hA = dependent variable6(2!!  6Z/  jB = independent variable6(2ffH  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +   0    (   r  S      S h>1 <$ 0   LR  s *^Y R  s *OX R  s *T   6%oUY  F, a a S b 20 5 25 b 10 10 20 S 30 15 45-!!ff f9F /_   C] lB   <Do_ lB   <Douu_ lB   <Do//_ dB   <Do Q dB   <Do T dB  <Do) T)   3 BCDE Fo@0 ^2  6jJ_/ ^2  6jJ$ cb H   0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +   0 B : /@0  (  @r @ S .    @ S dC1 <$ 0   LR  @ s *^Y R @ s *OX R @ s *T   @ 6uoUY  F, a a S b 20 5 25 b 10 10 20 S 30 15 45-!!ff f9F /_  @ C] lB @ <Do_ lB @ <Douu_ lB @ <Do//_ dB @ <Do Q dB @ <Do T dB @ <Do) T)  @ 6(} P  L.3f3f^B @ 6D3f   @ 6 ~ G  L.3f3f^B @ 6D3f  ,@ # BCDE Fo@0  -@ 3 B^CDEFo^^< @e f * ^2 .@ 6jJ$ db ^2 /@ 6jJ]- H @ 0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +)   0 P H  ( 0 r  S Hx     S ,1 <$ 0   LR  s *^Y R  s *OX R  s *T   60oUY  F, a a S b 20 5 25 b 10 10 20 S 30 15 45-!!ff f9F /_   C] lB   <Do_ lB   <Douu_ lB   <Do//_ dB   <Do Q dB   <Do T dB  <Do) T)   3 BCDE Fo@0   3 B^CDEFo^^< @e f *   0˫ P  L.3f3fXB  0D3f    0Ģ ~ G  L.3f3fXB  0D3f H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +d  0 /=D(  DdB 'D <DjJ9 9 r D S     D S 0<$ 0    D  BC]DELF$3fjJ]?g!6Ge @FdUnF0?@       LB  D c $D LB  D c $DXB D 0DjJlX LB D c $D ll D 6D0   Uz . s43fRB D s *D l LB D c $D  D 6D0 a M  Uz . s43fRB D s *D    D 6D] 5F D 0t^    9PF LO D Xl [fB D 6D3foLOfB  D 6D3foLOfB !D 6D3foXB "D 0D #D 0 ` 5p $D <@ / E0.556$ %D <ѫ0G E0.378$3f3f &D <ӫ0  E0.733$3f3fdB (D <DԔ9 9 8 )D <ܫJ  o p(b) 0.667F  *D C ZBC]DELF$3fjJ]?g!6Ge @FdUnF0?@      HQpR R /N2 +D3  NB ,D S DR1/1NB -D S D N2RB /D s *D3foHH RB 0D s *D3fo  RB 1D s *D3fo  2D 62D%?] 5p 3D c $D3D3f@ *  3E 4D S 4DOy  p(b | a)L fPL X000`1 5D# n%GTB 6D c $DԔa00001HB 7D C DX0001HB 8D C DX010`1XB .D 0DQH XB 9D@ 0D''XB :D@ 0DMM ;D <h CA&!! +#.<*L+%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*L+T%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*LTu%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*Lu%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*L%(Ds' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*L%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*L%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*LK%(D' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*LKq%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*Lq%(+8+0+L0 +  0 0](  r P S 3$    P S 4c0<$ 0  8 Kl lPK BPB 3 BC]DELF$fjJ]?g!6Ge @FdUnF0?@      u  CP  BC]DELF$3fjJ]?g!6Ge @FdUnF0?@      e[ `B DP 0DjJ{l{ EP 0< %  ` 5pZB FP s *DjJ ZB GP s *D y ZB HP s *DjJ& & ZB IP s *D &  `B JP 0DjJ4n4ZB KP s *D8, V, T R /N2 LP# K NB MP S DR1/1NB NP S D N2< OP #  " PP S PP* r  HO1*ZB QP s *D, 3, T "%L-1 RP# VTB SP c $DjJ"%"1TB TP c $DjJL-%L-1H UP C    VP S VP  HO2*$ XP S ZBC]DELF$fjJ]?g!6Ge @FdUnF0?@      W |ZB YP s *D3fo  ZB ZP s *D3fo > ZB [P s *D3fo >  \P C ZBC]DELF$3fjJ]?g!6Ge @FdUnF0?@      OXpZ R /N2 ]P3 & NB ^P S DR1/1NB _P S D N2ZB aP s *D3foOO ZB bP s *D3fo  ZB cP s *D3fo dP 6`dP2 ] 5p eP S deP2@   HO1* fP S ifPJ C FO2( `B `P 0D O `B hPB 0DMM iP <`o- Ta6!!! jP <4u Ca&!! kP 6rkP] 5F\ mP 0}5s p2 = p(b | a) 2f!9 nP 0| i   p1 = p(b | a) 2f! oP 0@)  Np20 2 pP 0 Go  Np10 2H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +  0  2uXN(  Xr X S |$    X S 0<$ 0  PH DX  BCDE4FA.jJ 5n=&@ah @    Wide downward diagonal1 R \X s * FX S RFX wD 3DR <(*=V2 GX3   TB HX c $D3foM=(*M=V2TB IX c $D3fo<(*=(*6 JX s BCDE4FA.3fjJ JIP, @    Wide downward diagonalR [X s *& KX 0W r bd p@RB LX s *DjJ 4 4 RB MX s *D B4 XB NX 0Do dB OX <DjJ  PX S XPX*  3D QX C ]o = ;xL R /N2 RX# ;NB SX S DR1/1NB TX S D N2 VX 60bVXo Udifference in p* LB XX c $D LB YX c $D**$ ZX S gZX   x = |p1  p2|XB UX 0Dl \ ]X 0  H*3f3fXB ^X 0D3f + _X <  =^  aX < T =^  bX <u =^  cX 0 C ;  bz.s'B 23f3fR dX s * 'R eX s * [R fX s * S gX 6`o  F, a a S b 20 5 25 b 10 10 20 S 30 15 45-!!ff f9F /_  hX   lB iX <Do_ lB jX <Douu_ lB kX <Do//_ dB lX <DoJ J dB mX <DoO O dB nX <Doi i ^2 oX 63fjJ^ '^2 pX 63fjJ\  qX 0g Jn1,(23f 3f rX 08g Jn2,(23f 3f sX 0T%  r mean x = 0L (2 tX 0L&;F 50(2XB uX 0D) E )H X 0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +  0 0`_( f `r ` S 3    ` S 1    LR ` s *^Y R ` s *HX R ` s *T  ` 6܈oUY  F, a a S b 20 5 25 b 10 10 20 S 30 15 45-!!ff f9F /_  ` C] lB  ` <Do_ lB  ` <Douu_ lB  ` <Do//_ dB  ` <Do Q dB  ` <Do T dB ` <Do) T)  ` 0 %   L.3f3fXB ` 0D3f A{  ` 0Љ 0H  L.3f3fXB ` 0D3f G  ` 3 BCDE Fo@0r  ` 3 BC,DEFoOO,, @j o$  ` <ܣ l  =^  ` <d 3]  =^  ` < J^  =^ ^2 ` 6jJ$ db ^2 ` 6jJ" ` ^2 ` 6jJ^3 ^2 ` 6jJ 1 H ` 0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +  0 7 / @ ( 0؀ r  S $     S 1    LR  s *^Y R  s *HX R  s *T   6oUY  F, a a S b 20 5 25 b 10 10 20 S 30 15 45-!!ff f9F /_   C] lB   <Do_ lB   <Douu_ lB   <Do//_ dB   <Do Q dB   <Do T dB  <Do) T)   0 %   L.3f3fXB  0D3f A{   0$ 0H  L.3f3fXB  0D3f G   3 BCDE Fo@0r   3 BC,DEFoOO,, @j o$   << l  =^   < 3]  =^   <H J^  =^ H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +   0 P$dT( w dl d C d    d C  <$ 0   LH d 0޽h ? ̙33  0 aY` (  r  S      S C <$ 0   L  C !BC]DELF$jJ]?g!6Ge @FdUnF0?@       e o "  c !BC]DELF$jJ]?g!6Ge @FdUnF0?@        R 'o&' 3   B   f!?D?"'o&'B   f!?D?'y"'RB   s *DjJb? XB  @ 0DjJbk? :2   3 1 #    0G EA(!   C 4M U&  Ea(!R /&"'' 3 Z> k HB  C D/&"&"HB  C D/&'&'N &"''  &"''HB  C D&"&'HB  C D&%'%  s *xd8  ] g.o.f. c28    c $  z2 2 c2N  R /&"'' A3 bQj9 HB  C D/&"&"HB  C D/&'&'N &"''  &"''HB  C D&"&'HB  C D&%'%:2  3 -    C  "  Fa(!H  0޽h ? ̙33  0 aYp ( 0MidB r  S "     S Z <$ 0   L  C !BC]DELF$jJ]?g!6Ge @FdUnF0?@       e o "  c !BC]DELF$jJ]?g!6Ge @FdUnF0?@        R 'o&' 3   B   f!?D?"'o&'B   f!?D?'y"'RB   s *DjJb? XB  @ 0DjJbk? :2   3 1 #    0^ EA(!   C d U&  Ea(!R /&"'' 3 Z> f  HB  C D/&"&"HB  C D/&'&'N &"''  &"''HB  C D&"&'HB  C D&%'%  s *xLj  ] g.o.f. c28    c $q  z2 2 c2N  R /&"'' A3 bQj9 HB  C D/&"&"HB  C D/&'&'N &"''  &"''HB  C D&"&'HB  C D&%'%:2  3 -    C O "  Fa(!H  0޽h ? ̙33  0 pP( w pl p C dX    p c $\ff  <$ 0  H p 0޽h ? ̙33___PPT10p.+} <D' = @B D' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +Ds' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*pO%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*pOw%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*pw%(D ' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*p%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*p%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*p,%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*p,Y%(Ds' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*pY%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*p%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*p%(+8+0+p0 +  0 tD( w tl t C Pd    t C Xe <$ 0  H t 0޽h ? ̙33  0 P( 0}MidB r  S m     S s <$ 0  H  0޽h ? ̙33  0 P(  r  S x     S y <$ 0  H  0޽h ? ̙33   0   ' ( NPNA r  S    r  S i   R  s *  R  s * R  s *8~   6Іo   Z, a a S b 20 5 25 b 10 10 20 S 30 15 45-!!fff 9F /_   9 lB  <Do_ lB  <Douu_ lB  <Do//_ dB  <Do44dB  <Do9  9 dB  <DoS  S dB  <D3fodd ^2   6jJ i^ ^2 ! 6jJ\ ^2 " 6jJ' ge ^2 # 6jJ% c  $ S BCDE Fo@r v % S BCDE Fo@w H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +  0 \( w r  S l   r  S X   R  s *  R  s * R  s *8~   6o   Z, a a S b 20 5 25 b 10 10 20 S 30 15 45-!!fff 9F /_   9 lB  <Do_ lB  <Douu_ lB  <Do//_ dB  <Do44dB  <Do9  9 dB  <DoS  S dB  <D3fodd H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +  0 \(  r  S D   r  S $   R  s *  R  s * R  s *8~   6ݱo   Z, a a S b 20 5 25 b 10 10 20 S 30 15 45-!!fff 9F /_   9 lB  <Do_ lB  <Douu_ lB  <Do//_ dB  <Do44dB  <Do9  9 dB  <DoS  S dB  <D3fodd H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +  0 *v( @ r  S ڱ     s *H3f    &$ LR  s *  R  s *  R  s * 5}  6o   Z, a a S b 0.5 0.5 1 b 0.5 0.5 1 S 1 1 2-!!fff9F /_    6lB  <Do_ lB  <Douu_ lB  <Do//_ dB  <Do3  3 dB  <Do8  8 dB  <DoR RR  s * AR  s * <R  s * m ~  6@&o @ R$ a a S b 1 0 1 b 0 1 1 S 1 1 2%!!fff9F /_    nlB  <Do_ lB   <Douu_ lB ! <Do//_ dB " <Do4 =4 dB # <Do9 @9 dB $ <DoS @S ' 0t+   V f = 00 23f3f ( 0C   V f = 10 23f3fdB ) <D3fԔ =  * 0GI  Lf. 2$3f3fH  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +x  0 $$/( l0 F r  S XQ     s *8ٱ3f    &$ LR  s *  R  s *  R  s * 5}  6}o   ^, a a S b 0.5 0.5 1 b 0.5 0.5 1 S 1 1 2-!!fff9F /_    6lB   <Do_ lB   <Douu_ lB   <Do//_ dB   <Do3  3 dB   <Do8  8 dB  <DoR RR  s * AR  s * <R  s * m ~  6To @ `$ a a S b 1 0 1 b 0 1 1 S 1 1 2%!!fff9F /_    nlB  <Do_ lB  <Douu_ lB  <Do//_ dB  <Do4 =4 dB  <Do9 @9 dB  <DoS @SdB  <D3fԔ =   0I  Lf. 2$3f3f  0   V f = 00 23f3f  0   V f = 10 23f3fdB  <Do ?c vB  NDAo  dB   <Do e jB ! BDo AA vB " NDAo   # 0r Z  averaged swing(2 $ 0 7} 2<H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +  0 r( 0̺ r  S P     s *3f    &$ L  0J   L.3f3fXB  0D3fT AT   0   L.3f3fXB  0D3f' #' H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +  0   r(  r  S \     s *3f    &$ L   0dJ   L.3f3fXB   0D3fT AT    0   L.3f3fXB   0D3f' #' H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +  0 0U0 ,(  N N l  C 8     C     0P |H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +l"  0 !!@HH#!( n0  r  S H     S :    0P |R  s *?^ R  s *CO R  s *?   6o>U  ", a a S b 20 5 25 b 10 10 20 S 30 15 45-!!ff f 9F /_   AC lB   <Do_ lB   <Douu_ lB   <Do//_ dB   <DooQodB   <DotTtdB  <Do T R $"#-k- 3  "E HB  C 1$"j--k-HB  C 1$"+-+HB  C 1$"4*-5*HB  C 1$"(-(HB  C 1$" '-'HB  C 1$"z%-{%HB  C 1$"#-#@  C #  @  C # | @B  C 3fjJF  @B  C 3fjJF  F @B  C 3fjJl { { @B  C 3fjJl Z l @B  C 3fjJ @B  C 3fjJ @B  C 3fjJ { { @B   C 3fjJZ :B ! 3 # "":B " 3 ":B # 3 ":B $ 3 B"B:B % 3  " :B & 3  " :B ' 3 f "f :B ( 3  "  )  BCDE F@# E # :B * 3 # ""4 :B + 3 # 4 :B , 3 # E E 4  - <@Z. ^-0.7"    . <dC. ^-0.6"    / <J.z ^-0.5"    0 <\Py .  ^-0.4"    1 <U .;  ^-0.3"    2 <[< .  ^-0.2"    3 <a .  ^-0.1"    4 <g Y  [0"     5 6lmao d1(a)j3f3f3f!3f   6 6u   d2(a)j3f3f3f!3f jB 7 BD  RB 8@ s *D o RB 9@ s *D   : 0 ~ vZ  L.3f3fXB ; 0D3f(  ( R < s * ]R = s * NR > s *  ? 6o T ., a a S b 50 5 55 b 10 10 20 S 30 15 75-!!ff f 9F /_  @  BlB A <Do_ lB B <Douu_ lB C <Do//_ dB D <DoI PI dB E <DoN SN dB F <DohShdB G <D3fo22W dB H <D3fo 111H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +  0 p4( 0pMidB r  S      S h*    LH  0޽h ? ̙33  0 wo0((  (x ( c $l    ( c $l    LLB  ( c $D, , RB ( s *Dll{  ( 0x~|   Ip, ( 0E_ 5pLB ( c $DD  ( 6B( FHF  Zw :3f3fRB ( s *D^ l^ LB ( c $DD  ( 6h( F  Xw+:3f3fRB ( s *D^ i^ y ( C ­ f 10 (  BCsDELF$3fjJd 2H 3 a }  .+2s[U@       3 LB ( c $D H ( 0޽h ? ̙33  0 wo@,(  ,x , c $\    , c $    LLB  , c $D, , RB , s *Dll{  , 0|   Ip, , 0_ 5pLB , c $DD  , 6, FHF  Zw :3f3fRB , s *D^ l^ LB , c $DD  , 6dK, F  Xw+:3f3fRB , s *D^ i^ y , C pd f 10 ,  BCsDELF$3fjJd 2H 3 a }  .+2s[U@      . LB , c $D H , 0޽h ? ̙33w  0 `(  l  C ;     c $u  <$ 0   LH  0޽h ? ̙33OG___PPT10'.+} <D' = @B D' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +Ds' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*)%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*)\%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*\%(D> ' =%(D ' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*k%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*k%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*#%(+8+0+0 +  0 D(  l  C      C  <$ 0  H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y.+} <D' = @B D' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D ' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*?%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*?[%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*[x%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*x%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*5%(D' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*5d%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*d%(+8+0+0 +a  0 (  l  C    l  C ̒s  H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0 x( @m@ R  3     ~  C   @    H  0޽h ? ̙33 0 x( }Y R  3     ~  C   @    H  0޽h ? ̙33  0 x(  R  3     ~  C ȫ  @    H  0޽h ? ̙33# 0 @(  X  C       S   @    H  0޽h ? ̙33$ 0 0(  X  C       S h~  @    H  0޽h ? ̙33% 0  (  X  C       S   @    H  0޽h ? ̙33& 0 (  X  C       S    @    H  0޽h ? ̙33' 0  (   X   C        S   @    H   0޽h ? ̙33( 0 (  X  C       S   @    H  0޽h ? ̙33* 0  (   X   C        S   @    H   0޽h ? ̙33- 0 x`4(  4R 4 3     ~ 4 C ܟ  @    H 4 0޽h ? ̙33. 0 p<( [|, <X < C      < S d  @    H < 0޽h ? ̙330 0 H(  HX H C      H S   @    H H 0޽h ? ̙332 0 T(  TX T C      T S   @    H T 0޽h ? ̙333 0 \(  \X \ C      \ S   @    H \ 0޽h ? ̙33! 0 xP(  R  3     ~  C   @    H  0޽h ? ̙337 0 x(  R  3     ~  C   @    H  0޽h ? ̙33D 0 x( c  R  3     ~  C ,  @    H  0޽h ? ̙33V 0 ((  ^  S       c $p  @    H  0޽h ? ̙33W 0  ((   ^   S        c $  @    H   0޽h ? ̙33X 0  ((  ^  S       c $lm  @    H  0޽h ? ̙33"xXMlE~3^vL*j"PI jlTIJO\A*\P*EPh".0 ?€jvJ*IY}oޛyٛ7ZK\:9Tka0\u 8@XUkUiXjl*9 9>sGaEit>'d^6hctg8|7Wgq;,?cIxi D{?ӆ%tMOc$Ol?Ƶ+*$۰-^Lk|*r/&gk=zp-} h~KiA" *k!TZ8I,?)+AIA_OYOxM8iv-kO&ԕNN\@Lys?_h 95σ>wbya#:k__Y_.pc~cgtmQ(#duaw "{3:'JgC|9;GN(o쏦/+t9):27 k3t?ɞsKL'^k7bosLD'c32w T.S\Ĉ@gn'@ƪXuY >38~g YQ3];}u"ϥ Vh.k'!Nгmtߟ2Qn]a?Ë _wG1&,15|q4dVgz)T?j >Ӎ=WQ+N~@LC+|YJf q]7 ɶKN NM |fRyk0u4.ٸ+|U8!'F^aF;re^ x_Ҽ2r\U MϞ L%OJ~MkjSNz<81w/nc;=Fr|@ o.@ D6@0)X.ajt~4X^2)VU*!d"zK$'&n(H"\0;AWac0 ggp0p$)3]ipr{rB* ,-Y[d'{/ z1:5$Z37 : Oh+'0 `h    0Capturing linguistic interaction in a grammar Sean Wallis Sean Wallis41Microsoft PowerPoint@ do@0"0 @dX Ghg  ,T%&" WMFCJ <8?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~      !"#$%&'()*+,-./012346789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~      !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~      !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~Root EntrydO)PictureshCurrent UserSummaryInformation(SPowerPoint Document(5;DocumentSummaryInformation8